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Line 131: − + − |Presence of hunting trails (Greengrass & Maisels 2007, Kupsch & Bobo 2024). − |2007 − |- − | − |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals − |High − |2.867 hunting trail/km − |Presence of hunting trails (Kupsch & Bobo 2024). − |2014 − |- − | − |5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals − |High − | − |Commercial poaching (Morgan et al. 2011; BirdLife International 2020); hunting trails increased between 2007 and 2014, and hunting is ongoing (Kupsch & Bobo 2024). − + − | Line 154:
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]]
'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/The_A.P.E.S._Wiki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' |
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population size is unknown.
Established in 1996, Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary (BMWS) is situated between [[Korup National Park]] to the west and Santchou Wildlife Reserve to the east. With 322 bird species recorded, the site is an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees, mandrills, and forest elephants are present in BMWS. The population of forest elephants has been significantly reduced by poaching. BMWS falls naturally into two sections: the northern block where the terrain is mostly flat, and a mountainous southern block, which includes a small part of the Bakossi mountains (BirdLife International 2020).
Established in 1996, Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary (BMWS) is situated between [[Korup National Park]] to the west and Santchou Wildlife Reserve to the east. With 322 bird species recorded, the site is an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2020). Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees, mandrills, and forest elephants are present in BMWS. The population of forest elephants has been significantly reduced by poaching. BMWS falls naturally into two sections: the northern block where the terrain is mostly flat, and a mountainous southern block, which includes a small part of the Bakossi mountains (BirdLife International 2020).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
| Species
|Pan troglodytes ellioti
|-
| Area
|640 km²
|640 km²
|-
|-
|5.357767, 9.609717
|5.357767, 9.609717
|-
|-
|Designation
|Type of site
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|-
|Governance type
|
|-
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Habitat type
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|}
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
There was a notable decrease in the relative populations of chimpanzees in the site between 2007 and 2014; concurrently, there was a significant rise in hunting trail density within the BMWS during that period (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
There was a notable decrease in the relative populations of chimpanzees in the site between 2007 and 2014; concurrently, there was a significant rise in hunting trail density within the BMWS during that period (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Species
! Year
! Year
! Occurrence
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Survey area
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Sampling method
! Area
! Analytical framework
! Source
! Source
! Comments
! Comments
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2007
|2007
|Present
|1.793
|
|500-1000
|500-1000
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
|Line transects
|
|
|Greengrass & Maisels 2007 as cited by Morgan et al. 2011 and Kupsch & Bobo 2024
|Greengrass & Maisels 2007 as cited by Morgan et al. 2011 and Kupsch & Bobo 2024
|Survey effort: 30.5 km (n = 17 transects)
|Survey effort: 30.5 km (n = 17 transects)
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2013-2014
|2013-2014
|Present
|0.129
|
|
|
|
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
|Line transects (Distance)
|Line transects
|
|Kupsch & Bobo 2024
|Kupsch & Bobo 2024
|Survey effort: 124.5 km (n = 83 transects)
|Survey effort: 124.5 km (n = 83 transects)
|
|
|}
|}
[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The site is mainly threatened by logging, hunting and agricultural encroachment, and there are a number of villages found legally within the sanctuary boundaries (BirdLife International 2020). A study (Kupsch & Bobo 2024) found that the threatening situation for wildlife in the site, especially for elephants and primates, points to high poaching pressure between 2007 and 2014. The abundances of these species as well as of duikers are now almost similar to the low levels in [[Korup National Park]]. This is supported by the notable increase in encounter rates of hunting trails in BMWS, similar to the high rates observed in [[Korup National Park]].
The site is mainly threatened by logging, hunting and agricultural encroachment, and there are a number of villages found legally within the sanctuary boundaries (BirdLife International 2020). A study (Kupsch & Bobo 2024) found that the threatening situation for wildlife in the site, especially for elephants and primates, points to high poaching pressure between 2007 and 2014. The abundances of these species as well as of duikers are now almost similar to the low levels in [[Korup National Park]]. This is supported by the notable increase in encounter rates of hunting trails in BMWS, similar to the high rates observed in [[Korup National Park]].
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Specific threats
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Threat level
!Description
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
|A number of villages are legally found within the boundaries of the site (BirdLife International 2020).
|A number of villages are found within the boundaries of the site, lawfully (BirdLife International 2020).
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
|Agricultural encroachment is a threat in the site (BirdLife International 2020).
|Agricultural encroachment is a threat in the site (BirdLife International 2020).
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|High
|1.962 hunting trail/km
|The presence of hunting trails has been reported in separate surveys (Greengrass & Maisels 2007, Kupsch & Bobo 2024). Hunting trails increased between 2007 and 2014, and hunting is ongoing (Kupsch & Bobo 2024). Commercial poaching is also present (Morgan et al. 2011; BirdLife International 2020).
|2001-Ongoing (2024)
|2001-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|
|5. Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
|Logging is a threat in the area (BirdLife International 2020).
|Logging is a threat in the area (BirdLife International 2020).
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Specific activity
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Description
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Implementing organization
!Year of activity
|-
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|9. Pollution
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The Wildlife Sanctuary was created in 1996 ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/banyang_mbo_wildlife_sanctuary/]).
|The Wildlife Sanctuary was created in 1996 ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/banyang_mbo_wildlife_sanctuary/]).
|
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
= Conservation implementation: challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
!Challenge
!Source
!Year of challenge
|-
|1. Site management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Resources & capacity
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Engaged community
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Institutional support
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|-
|5. Ecological context
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Safety & stability
|Not reported
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
[[Challenges]]
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Enabler
!Source
!Year of enabler
|-
|1. Site management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Resources & capacity
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Engaged community
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Institutional support
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Ecological context
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Safety & stability
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Enablers]]
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
INSERT PARAGRAPH(S)
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for SITE NAME'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!align="left"|Behavior
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
Kupsch, D., & Bobo, K. S. (2024). Distribution parameters of large mammals and conservation management in an Afrotropical forest landscape and biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Ecology, 62(2), e13254.br>
Kupsch, D., & Bobo, K. S. (2024). Distribution parameters of large mammals and conservation management in an Afrotropical forest landscape and biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Ecology, 62(2), e13254.br>
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/03/2024 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/03/2024 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->