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−<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
−- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
−- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
−- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
− 1) Table structure cannot be changed.
− 2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
− 3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
−-->
−
−
+
+The site is a hotspot for many primate species, including the drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus''), one of the most endangered primate species in the world, and the chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''). Other primates include Preuss’s red colobus, red-eared guenon, Preuss’s guenon, putty-nosed monkey, mona monkey and other important mammals like blue duikers, red river hog, red-fronted duiker, black-fronted duikers, sitatunga, and long-tailed pangolin ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF]).
−The Bakossi forests support several small streams, cascading waterfalls and deep pools, and the Mungo River which flows through the park. Along the way, thousands of people far beyond the site depend on the river for their livelihoods through activities such as fishing, sand extraction, and logs and food transportation ([https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF]).
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−
+= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
−
−
−
−!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->+|
|
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|+|
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|
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
−= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->+
+
+
−|Not reported
−|
|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
−|Not reported
|Not reported
|
−|-
−|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
−|Not reported
|Not reported
|
−|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−|Not reported
|Not reported
|-
−|10. Education & Awareness
−|Not reported
|
−|-
−|11. Habitat Protection
−|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−|The park was established in 2007.
−|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|Not reported
−|
|-
−|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−|Not reported
|-
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
−= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
−'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park'''+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"+
−!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->+
−!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->+
−|-+
−|Not reported+|
−|-
−|}
−= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
−|-
|+|'''1981-2010'''+|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''+|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''+|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''+|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''+|-
|+|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''+|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''+|-
<div><ul>
−<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li>
−<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li>
−</ul></div>
−
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−<br>+
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Bakossi National Park]]
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Bakossi National Park]]
−= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Bakossi_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
−<div style="float: right">
+{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
+__TOC__
−|5.069109, 9.586158~[[Bakossi National Park]]~Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee
+= Summary =
−}}
+</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.069109, 9.586158~[[Bakossi National Park]]~Pan troglodytes ellioti}}</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Bakossi National Park.
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Bakossi National Park.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population size is unknown.
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* The site is part of the [[Bakossi Landscape Area]].
* The site is part of the [[Bakossi Landscape Area]].
−= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+= Site characteristics =
Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The altitude in the park ranges from 300m to 1895 m above sea level, giving rise to three main vegetation types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of the North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a high level of endemism, and a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Enukwa et al. 2022).
Bakossi National Park is located in western Cameroon, to the south of the [[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]] and covers an area of 29,320 ha. The altitude in the park ranges from 300m to 1895 m above sea level, giving rise to three main vegetation types: sub-montane forest, Atlantic forest of the North West type with semi-deciduous elements, and the Atlantic Biafran forest rich in Caesalpiniaceae. This accounts for the huge floral variety of the area and a high level of endemism, and a corresponding high diversity of fauna species (Enukwa et al. 2022).
−'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+|Species
+|Pan troglodytes ellioti
+|-
+|Area
|293 km²
|293 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
−|5.069109, 9.586158
+|Lat: 5.069109 , Lon: 9.586158
|-
|-
−|Designation
+|Type of site
−|National Park
+|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|-
−|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+|Habitat types
−|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
+|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
+|-
+|Type of governance
+|
|}
|}
−= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+= Ape status =
In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Enukwa et al. 2022).
In a survey of the southeastern section of the park, chimpanzees were recorded entirely in the montane forest (Enukwa et al. 2022).
−'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bakossi National Park'''
+'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−! Species
+!Species
−! Year
+!Year
−! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−! Area
+!Area
−! Method
+!Method
−! Source
+!Source
−! Comments
+!Comments
−! A.P.E.S. database ID
+!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
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|1.2
|1.2
|Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2
|Southeast of Bakossi National Park, approx. 12 km2
−|Index survey
+|Reconnaissance walk
|Enukwa et al. 2022
|Enukwa et al. 2022
|Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Signs recorded: nests 0.9 per km, and feeding signs 0.3 per km
|Reconnaissance walk covered a total of 61 km. Signs recorded: nests 0.9 per km, and feeding signs 0.3 per km
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|}
|}
−'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bakossi National Park'''
+= Threats =
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Category
−!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
+!Specific threats
+!Threat level
+!Description
+!Year of threat
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|1 Residential & commercial development
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
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|-
|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
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|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|3 Energy production & mining
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|
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|-
|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
+|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−|An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023).
−| An old, abandoned road along the south-eastern edge of Bakossi is being reopened with European funds (BirdLife International 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|5. Biological resource use
+|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|High
−|Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023).
|Hunting of large mammals (BirdLife International 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
+|7 Natural system modifications
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|9 Pollution
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|10. Geological Events
+|10 Geological events
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
−|
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|-
|-
−| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+|11 Climate change & severe weather
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|12. Other options
+|12 Other threat
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
+|}
+
+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+
+= Conservation activities =
+
+
+
+'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Bakossi National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
+!Category
+!Specific activity
+!Description
+!Implementing organization(s)
+!Year of activity
+|-
+|5 Protection & restoration
+|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
+|The park was established in 2007.
|
|
−|-
+|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|}
|}
−[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+= Challenges =
+'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Bakossi National Park'''
+'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+!Challenges
−!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+!Specific challenges
−!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Source
−!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Year(s)
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
+|}
+
+
+= Enablers =
+
+
+
+'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bakossi National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
+!Enablers
+!Specific enablers
+!Source
+!Year(s)
|-
|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|1 Site management
−|Not reported
+|
|
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|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|2 Resources and capacity
−|
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−|
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|-
|-
−|5. Biological resource use
+|3 Engaged community
−|
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−|
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|-
|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
+|4 Institutional support
−|
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−|
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|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|5 Ecological context
−|
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−|
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−|-
|-
−|12. Species Management
+|6 Safety and stability
−|
|
−|
|
|
|
−|}
|}
−= Research activities =
−= Documented behaviours =
−'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bakossi National Park'''
+'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−!align="left"|Behavior
+!Behavior
!Source
!Source
|-
|-
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
−|}
|}
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
+
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
−'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bakossi National Park'''
+'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
−!'''Value'''
−!'''1981-2010'''
−!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
−!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
−!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
−!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|Mean temperature [°C]
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|9
|9
|8.9
|8.9
−|}
|}
−'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bakossi National Park'''
+'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bakossi National Park'''
−{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
−!'''Type'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|-
|Crop failure
|Crop failure
Line 391:
Line 378:
|29
|29
|0.66
|0.66
−|}
|}
−=External links=
+<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bakossi NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bakossi National Park]] </li></ul></div>
+= External links =
+[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF Bakossi NP]
[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/bakossi_national_park/ WWF Bakossi NP]
+
+= Relevant datasets =
+
+
= References =
= References =
−Enukwa, E. H., Augustine, M. A., Ndumbe, L. N., & Namuene, K. S. (2022). Cameroon-Nigeria Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti Matschie, 1914) distribution and habitat affinities in Bakossi National Park. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 6(3), 1-11. <br>
+BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.<br>
+Enukwa, E. H., Augustine, M. A., Ndumbe, L. N., & Namuene, K. S. (2022). Cameroon-Nigeria Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti Matschie, 1914) distribution and habitat affinities in Bakossi National Park. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 6(3), 1-11.
−Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
+BirdLife International (2023) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bakossi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/05/2023.
−'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:'''13/05/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
+'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA