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−<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
−- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
−- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
−- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
− 1) Table structure cannot be changed.
− 2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
− 3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
−-->
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+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->+|
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−|-
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
−|-
−|5. Biological resource use
−|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−|Anti-poaching patrols evaluation and design (KRCS n.d.).
−|Ongoing+
+
+
+|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−|Video shows on conservation, nature excursions for kids (KRCS n.d.).
−|Ongoing
−|-
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−|Involvement in primate research, biomonitoring, and training in conservation project management (KRCS n.d.).
−|Ongoing
−|-
−|11. Habitat Protection
−|Not reported
|-
−|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
−|Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non-timber products value chain improvement (KRCS n.d.).
−|Ongoing
−|-
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
−Conflicts between park staff and local communities due to inadequate flow of information (Diotoh n.d.).+'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Korup National Park'''+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−|-
−|Lack of trust and support from local communities
−|Diotoh n.d.
−|-
−|}
−= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
−The KRCS conducts conservation research activities, mainly focused on biomonitoring, socio-economic surveys, and primate research (KRCS n.d.).
−===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->+ +|-
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+
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−===Relevant datasets===
−[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Korup National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/10/2021.<br>
−Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.<br>
−Diotoh, O.R. (n.d.).Action for primate conservation in Korup National Park, Cameroon. https://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/project/primate-conservation-korup-national-park-cameroon/<br>
−KRCS (n.d.).Activities.https://www.korup-conservation.org/activities/<br>
−Waltert, M., Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon. Oryx, 36(3), 257-265.<br>
−Hofner, A. N., Jost Robinson, C. A., Hall, E. S., Capel, T., Astaras, C., & Linder, J. M. (2020). Surveying primates in northeastern Korup National Park, Cameroon. A Longitudinal Comparison. African Primates, 14, 35-44.<br>
−Kupsch, D., Serge, B. K., Waltert, M., Chia, N. B., Brice, B. C. G., Abdoulaye, D., & Kalagan, D. (2014). Biodiversity, carbon stock and market value assessment for the SGSOC project area, Southwest region, Cameroon. World Wide Fund for Nature, Germany, and Greenpeace International.<br>
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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Korup National Park]]
[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Korup National Park]]
−= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Korup_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Korup_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Korup_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Korup_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Korup_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
+__TOC__
+= Summary =
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.354790 , 8.977458 ~[[Korup National Park]]~Pan troglodytes ellioti}}</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Korup National Park.
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Korup National Park.
* It has been estimated that 167 (CI: 91-305) individuals occur in the site.
* It has been estimated that 167 (CI: 91-305) individuals occur in the site.
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* Conservation activities have focused on wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives.
* Conservation activities have focused on wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives.
−= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+= Site characteristics =
Korup National Park is located in western Cameroon, bordering Cross River National Park in southeast Nigeria (BirdLife International 2021). The site was established as a forest reserve in 1962 and upgraded to a national park in 1986 (Morgan et al. 2011, BirdLife International 2021). Altitudes range from just above sea-level to over 1,000 m but the terrain is generally flat, with hills and escarpments found only in the northern section of the park; the highest peak (Mount Ekundukundu) is situated in the centre of the park (BirdLife International 2021). The forests of Korup are floristically diverse and the annual average rainfall is approximately 5,460 mm. The diversity of birds is relatively well known, with some 320 species recorded in and on the margins of the site, including a large number of species of the Guinea–Congo Forests biome (BirdLife International 2021). Mammals of conservation concern found at the site include mandrills (''Mandrillus leucophaeus''), Preuss's monkey (''Cercopithecus preussi''), and forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''). The occurrence of Preuss's red colobus, ''Procolobus (badius) preussi'', is of special importance (Morgan et al. 2011, BirdLife International. 2021).
Korup National Park is located in western Cameroon, bordering Cross River National Park in southeast Nigeria (BirdLife International 2021). The site was established as a forest reserve in 1962 and upgraded to a national park in 1986 (Morgan et al. 2011, BirdLife International 2021). Altitudes range from just above sea-level to over 1,000 m but the terrain is generally flat, with hills and escarpments found only in the northern section of the park; the highest peak (Mount Ekundukundu) is situated in the centre of the park (BirdLife International 2021). The forests of Korup are floristically diverse and the annual average rainfall is approximately 5,460 mm. The diversity of birds is relatively well known, with some 320 species recorded in and on the margins of the site, including a large number of species of the Guinea–Congo Forests biome (BirdLife International 2021). Mammals of conservation concern found at the site include mandrills (''Mandrillus leucophaeus''), Preuss's monkey (''Cercopithecus preussi''), and forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''). The occurrence of Preuss's red colobus, ''Procolobus (badius) preussi'', is of special importance (Morgan et al. 2011, BirdLife International. 2021).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Korup National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Korup National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+|Species
+|Pan troglodytes ellioti
+|-
+|Area
|1,260 km²
|1,260 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
−|5.354790 N, 8.977458 E
+|Lat: 5.354790 N , Lon: 8.977458 E
|-
|-
−|Designation
+|Type of site
−|National Park
+|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|-
−|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+|-
+|Type of governance
+|
|}
|}
−= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+= Ape status =
Two surveys were conducted in logged and unlogged sites in the Korup Project Area, which consists of the Korup National Park and the surrounding Support Zone (5,357 sq.km), where two logging concessions had been active between 1996-1998 (Waltert et al. 2002). The results of the survey showed that between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, chimpanzee (as well as other primate) density decreased in the logged sites (Waltert et al. 2002).
Two surveys were conducted in logged and unlogged sites in the Korup Project Area, which consists of the Korup National Park and the surrounding Support Zone (5,357 sq.km), where two logging concessions had been active between 1996-1998 (Waltert et al. 2002). The results of the survey showed that between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, chimpanzee (as well as other primate) density decreased in the logged sites (Waltert et al. 2002).
−'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Korup National Park'''
+'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Korup National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−! Species
+!Species
−! Year
+!Year
−! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−! Area
+!Area
−! Method
+!Method
−! Source
+!Source
−! Comments
+!Comments
−! A.P.E.S. database ID
+!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
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|0.14 (0.00–82)
|0.14 (0.00–82)
|Korup Project Area, logged sites
|Korup Project Area, logged sites
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|Waltert et al. 2002
|Waltert et al. 2002
|Survey effort 96 km
|Survey effort 96 km
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Line 73:
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−|0.09 (0.02–0.34)
+|0.09 (0.02–0.34)
|Korup Project Area, logged sites
|Korup Project Area, logged sites
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|Waltert et al. 2002
|Waltert et al. 2002
|Survey effort 56 km
|Survey effort 56 km
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Line 86:
|0.08 (0.01–0.63)
|0.08 (0.01–0.63)
|Korup Project Area, unlogged sites
|Korup Project Area, unlogged sites
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|Waltert et al. 2002
|Waltert et al. 2002
|Survey effort 86 km
|Survey effort 86 km
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|Korup National Park
|Korup National Park
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|Waltert 2012 as cited by Kupsch et al. 2014
|Waltert 2012 as cited by Kupsch et al. 2014
|
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|Present
|Present
|Korup National Park
|Korup National Park
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|Hofner et al. 2020
|Hofner et al. 2020
|Acoustic and visual encounters.
|Acoustic and visual encounters.
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|}
|}
−= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+= Threats =
Hunting is a major threat to chimpanzees and other mammals in Korup National Park (Morgan et al. 2011, Hofner et al. 2020). Pressure on the park's wildlife is high due to the dependence of local on bushmeat, and the demand for bushmeat in neighbouring Nigeria (Diotoh n.d.). In addition, 70,000 ha of the park's bufffer zone, which were once traditional hunting grounds, have been converted into oil palm plantations (Diotoh n.d.).
Hunting is a major threat to chimpanzees and other mammals in Korup National Park (Morgan et al. 2011, Hofner et al. 2020). Pressure on the park's wildlife is high due to the dependence of local on bushmeat, and the demand for bushmeat in neighbouring Nigeria (Diotoh n.d.). In addition, 70,000 ha of the park's bufffer zone, which were once traditional hunting grounds, have been converted into oil palm plantations (Diotoh n.d.).
−'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Korup National Park'''
+'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Korup National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+!Category
−!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+!Specific threats
−!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+!Threat level
−!Description
−!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Year of threat
−!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|1 Residential & commercial development
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|Unknown
|Unknown
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|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
−|Agricultural encroachment from industrial plantations and villages situated inside the park (BirdLife International 2021).
|Agricultural encroachment from industrial plantations and villages situated inside the park (BirdLife International 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|3 Energy production & mining
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
+|4 Transportation & service corridors
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
−|5. Biological resource use
+|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|High
−|Illegal wildlife hunting for bushmeat is a serious threat (Morgan et al. 2011, Hofner et al. 2020).
|Illegal wildlife hunting for bushmeat is a serious threat (Morgan et al. 2011, Hofner et al. 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
+|7 Natural system modifications
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|9 Pollution
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|10. Geological Events
+|10 Geological events
|
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|Absent
|Absent
−|
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|-
−| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+|11 Climate change & severe weather
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|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
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|-
|-
−|12. Other options
+|12 Other threat
|
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|Absent
|Absent
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−|}
|}
−= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+= Conservation activities =
The Korup Rainforest Conservation Society (KRCS) is a community based organisation in Southwest Cameroon that was created in 2009. KRCS supports and implements various conservation activities, especially related to wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives such as donating farming equipment and community infrastructural development ([https://www.korup-conservation.org/activities/livelihood-and-poverty-alleviation/ KRCS)].
The Korup Rainforest Conservation Society (KRCS) is a community based organisation in Southwest Cameroon that was created in 2009. KRCS supports and implements various conservation activities, especially related to wildlife research and livelihood improvement initiatives such as donating farming equipment and community infrastructural development ([https://www.korup-conservation.org/activities/livelihood-and-poverty-alleviation/ KRCS)].
−'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Korup National Park'''
+'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Korup National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+!Category
−!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+!Specific activity
−!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Description
−!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Implementing organization(s)
+!Year of activity
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|Not reported
+|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+|Anti-poaching patrols evaluation and design (KRCS n.d.).
|
|
+|Ongoing
+|-
+|2 Counter-wildlife crime
+|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
+|GPS and GIS training for KRCS members, wildlife monitoring (KRCS n.d.).
|
|
+|Ongoing
|-
|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|4 Education & awareness
−|Not reported
+|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−|
+|Video shows on conservation, nature excursions for kids (KRCS n.d.).
|
|
+|Ongoing
|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|4 Education & awareness
−|Not reported
+|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
−|
+|Involvement in primate research, biomonitoring, and training in conservation project management (KRCS n.d.).
|
|
+|Ongoing
|-
|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
+|7 Economic & other incentives
−|Not reported
+|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
−|
+|Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non-timber products value chain improvement (KRCS n.d.).
|
|
−|Ongoing
|Ongoing
+|}
+
+[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+= Challenges =
+
+Conflicts between park staff and local communities due to inadequate flow of information (Diotoh n.d.).
+
+'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Korup National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
+!Challenges
+!Specific challenges
+!Source
+!Year(s)
|-
|-
+|3 Engaged community
+|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
+|Diotoh n.d.
|
|
−|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
+|}
−|GPS and GIS training for KRCS members, wildlife monitoring (KRCS n.d.).
+= Enablers =
+'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Korup National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
+!Enablers
+!Specific enablers
+!Source
+!Year(s)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+|1 Site management
−|Not reported
+|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
+|2 Resources and capacity
−|Not reported
+|
|
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|
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|-
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+|3 Engaged community
−|Not reported
+|
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|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|4 Institutional support
−|Not reported
+|
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|-
|-
−|10. Education & Awareness
+|5 Ecological context
−|
|
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|12. Species Management
+|6 Safety and stability
−|Not reported
+|
|
|
|
|
−|}
|}
−= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+= Research activities =
−The KRCS conducts conservation research activities, mainly focused on biomonitoring, socio-economic surveys, and primate research (KRCS n.d.).
−= Documented behaviours =
−'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Korup National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Korup National Park'''
+!Behavior
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
−!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
!Source
|-
|-
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
−|}
|}
−=External links=
+= Exposure to climate change impacts =
−[https://www.korup-conservation.org/ KRSC] <br>
+[https://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/project/primate-conservation-korup-national-park-cameroon/ Conservation Leadership Programme] <br>
+= External links =
+[https://www.korup-conservation.org/ KRSC]
+[https://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/project/primate-conservation-korup-national-park-cameroon/ Conservation Leadership Programme]
+= Relevant datasets =
+= References =
= References =
−BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Korup National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/10/2021.
−'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 25/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.
+Diotoh, O.R. (n.d.).Action for primate conservation in Korup National Park, Cameroon. https://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org/project/primate-conservation-korup-national-park-cameroon/
+KRCS (n.d.).Activities.https://www.korup-conservation.org/activities/
+Waltert, M., Faber, K., & Mühlenberg, M. (2002). Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon. Oryx, 36(3), 257-265.
+Hofner, A. N., Jost Robinson, C. A., Hall, E. S., Capel, T., Astaras, C., & Linder, J. M. (2020). Surveying primates in northeastern Korup National Park, Cameroon. A Longitudinal Comparison. African Primates, 14, 35-44.
+Kupsch, D., Serge, B. K., Waltert, M., Chia, N. B., Brice, B. C. G., Abdoulaye, D., & Kalagan, D. (2014). Biodiversity, carbon stock and market value assessment for the SGSOC project area, Southwest region, Cameroon. World Wide Fund for Nature, Germany, and Greenpeace International.
+'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA