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!Method
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Usun Apau National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−!Category
−!Specific activity
−!Description
−!Implementing organization(s)
−!Year of activity
−|-
−|
−|
−|
−|Cristiar Samosir
−|
−|}
−[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Usun Apau National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−!Challenges
−!Specific challenges
−!Source
−!Year(s)
−|-
−|
−|Unknown
−|
−|
−|}
−
−'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Usun Apau National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−!Behavior
−!Source
−|-
−|Vocalization
−|Ampeng et al 2021
−|}
= Summary =
= Summary =
−<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|2.916324, 114.665293 ~[[Usun Apau National Park]]~Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus}}</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|2.916324, 114.665293~[[Usun Apau National Park]]~'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''}}</div>
−* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Usun Apau National Park.
−* The population size is unknown.
−* The population trend is unknown.
−= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =
−Usun Apau National Park is described as pristine area known for its waterfalls. The government aims to develop ecotourism at Usun Apau National Park (Sarawak Tribune 2022). Usun Apau was also proposed to be included in the extension of the Heart of Borneo as part of Extended Baram Complex (Mathai et al. 2016). Other species such as Presbytis hosei and Presbytis rubicunda ignita are found in this national park (Ang et al.2024)
+Usun Apau National Park is described as pristine area known for its waterfalls. The government aims to develop ecotourism at Usun Apau National Park (Sarawak Tribune 2022). Usun Apau was also proposed to be included in the extension of the Heart of Borneo as part of Extended Baram Complex (Mathai et al. 2016). Other species such as ''Presbytis hosei'' and ''Presbytis rubicunda ignita'' are found in this national park (Ang et al.2024).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usun Apau National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usun Apau National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
−|1550
+|1,550 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
−|2.916324, 114.665293
+|Lat: 2.916324 , Lon: 114.665293
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
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|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
−|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, "Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)"
+|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
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!Species
!Species
!Year
!Year
+!Occurrence
+!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Survey area
−!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Sampling method
−!Area
+!Analytical framework
−!Source
!Source
!Comments
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2017-2020
|2017-2020
+|Present
|
|
|
|
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|
|Line transects
|Line transects
+|
|Ampeng et al. 2021
|Ampeng et al. 2021
−|The survey using line transect found 1 individual Bornean orangutan and 4 orangutan nests.
+|The survey using line transects found one individual Bornean orangutan and 4 orangutan nests.
|
|
|-
|-
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2017-2020
|2017-2020
+|Absent
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
+|
|Ampeng et al. 2021
|Ampeng et al. 2021
−|Aerial surveys fitted with FLIR-camera yet was unable to confirm the presence of additional nests from daytime aerial photographs.
+|Aerial surveys fitted with FLIR-cameras were unable to confirm the presence of additional nests from daytime aerial photographs.
|
|
|}
|}
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−= Challenges =
= Challenges =
−= Enablers =
= Enablers =
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= Research activities =
= Research activities =
−There was an expedition in Usun Apau Plateau by an Oxford University in 1955 (Arnold 1957). The expedition explored the montane plateau and also conducted archaelogical excavations from old longhouse.
+There was an expedition in Usun Apau Plateau by an Oxford University in 1955 (Arnold 1957). The expedition explored the plateau and also conducted archaelogical excavations from old longhouses. Besides that, a study on dragonfly was also conducted in Usun Apau National Park in 2012, through collaboration between Naturalis Biodiversity Center, St Anne's Close and National Biodiversity Centre (Dow, Reels, and Ngiam 2015). They found 55 odonate species during the time period. WWF also documented Usun Apau National Park in their publication entitled "The Environmental Status of Borneo" published in 2017 (Wulffraat & Greenwood 2017).
−Besides that, a study on dragonfly was also conducted in Usun Apau National Park in 2012 through collaboration research between Naturalis Biodiversity Center, St Anne's Close and National Biodiversity Centre (Dow, Reels, and Ngiam 2015). They found 55 odonate species during the time period.
−WWF also documented Usun Apau National Park in their publication entitled "The Environmental Status of Borneo" published in 2017 (Wulffraat & Greenwood 2017).
= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
−= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
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Ampeng, A., Liam, J., Simpson, B., Traelholt, C., Nor, S. M., Abdan-Saleman, M. S. B., ... & Md-Zain, B. M. (2021). First Bornean orangutan sighting in Usun Apau National Park, Sarawak. Biodiversity Data Journal, 9.
Ampeng, A., Liam, J., Simpson, B., Traelholt, C., Nor, S. M., Abdan-Saleman, M. S. B., ... & Md-Zain, B. M. (2021). First Bornean orangutan sighting in Usun Apau National Park, Sarawak. Biodiversity Data Journal, 9.
+
+
Ang, A., Brandon-Jones, D., Ruppert, N., Lee, Z. H., Affendi, A., Stanly Anyie, Y., Boonratana, R., Cheyne, S. M., Chua, A., Hayunieta, Irawan, A., Jerusalinsky, L., Karuniawati, A., Khalid, S., Koh, J., Lee, C., Lhota, S., Lwin, N., Mittermeier, R. A., … Roos, C. (2024). Asian langurs (Presbytis) conservation action plan 2024–2034. IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/51546
Ang, A., Brandon-Jones, D., Ruppert, N., Lee, Z. H., Affendi, A., Stanly Anyie, Y., Boonratana, R., Cheyne, S. M., Chua, A., Hayunieta, Irawan, A., Jerusalinsky, L., Karuniawati, A., Khalid, S., Koh, J., Lee, C., Lhota, S., Lwin, N., Mittermeier, R. A., … Roos, C. (2024). Asian langurs (Presbytis) conservation action plan 2024–2034. IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/51546
+
+
Dow, R. A., Reels, G. T., & Ngiam, R. W. (2015). Odonata collected at Usun Apau National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia in April and May 2012. International Dragonfly Fund: Report, 1-17.
Dow, R. A., Reels, G. T., & Ngiam, R. W. (2015). Odonata collected at Usun Apau National Park, Miri Division, Sarawak, Malaysia in April and May 2012. International Dragonfly Fund: Report, 1-17.
+
+
Mathai, J., Duckworth, J. W., Meijaard, E., Fredriksson, G., Hon, J., Sebastian, A., ... & Wilting, A. (2016). Carnivore conservation planning on Borneo: identifying key carnivore landscapes, research priorities and conservation interventions. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology.
Mathai, J., Duckworth, J. W., Meijaard, E., Fredriksson, G., Hon, J., Sebastian, A., ... & Wilting, A. (2016). Carnivore conservation planning on Borneo: identifying key carnivore landscapes, research priorities and conservation interventions. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology.
+
+
Sarawak Tribune. 2022. Government to develop Usun Apau as tourist attraction. https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/government-to-develop-usun-apau-as-tourist-attraction/
Sarawak Tribune. 2022. Government to develop Usun Apau as tourist attraction. https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/government-to-develop-usun-apau-as-tourist-attraction/
+
+
Wulffraat, S. and Greenwood, C. (2017). The environmental status of Borneo. WWF Heart of Borneo Programme.
Wulffraat, S. and Greenwood, C. (2017). The environmental status of Borneo. WWF Heart of Borneo Programme.