duser, Administrators
731
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
Line 6:
Line 6:
+ + +
−
−
−
−
−
−
Line 26:
Line 19:
!Method
|
−|Melingkung, Menyukung, Meliau, Semujan, Leboyan, Hutan Nung, Bekuan-Lupak Mawang
|-
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
−|1997
−|868
|-
−|5 Biological resource use
−|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−|Forest fragmentation for logging and plantations caused forest loss from 79 continuous closed forest areas in 1973 to 67 in 1990. The number of contiguous orangutan habitat patches decreased from 6 to 5 between 1973 and 1997. (Russon, Meijaard, and Dennis 2000).
−|1973-1997
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
−|2000-Ongoing (2024)
−|-
−|4 Education & awareness
−|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
−|Education and public outreach to disseminate information, knowledge, and experience more broadly through hybrid meetings, and printing and digital media, such as bulletins, leaflets, manuals, social media platforms, websites, and workshops to raise awareness of the importance of orangutans and wildlife, the dangers of fire, waste management, etc (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|-
−|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
−|Kemitraan Konservasion (or Conservation Partnership) is a program initiated by the Ministry of Forestry and the Environment which is the central government managing all national parks. One of the conservation partnership programs in this national park is honeybee farming which aims to increase families' income through sustainable livelihood (KSDAE, 2021).
−|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum (BBTNBKDS)
−|2017-Ongoing (2024)
−|-
−|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
−|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum has been conducting a monthly patrol to prevent forest fires in Danau Sentarum (Hapsari et al. 2022).
−|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum (BBTNBKDS)
−|2019-Ongoing (2024)
+|-
−|1 Site management
−|1.2 Effective coordination
−|Integrated management is required as certain lands are intended for development while this ecosystem plays a key role as orangutan habitats (Yuliani et al., 2023)
−|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|-
−|4 Institutional support
−|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
−|Clear legislation is required to overcome funding challenge in managing this site. It can be done by estabishing Collaborative Management to administer the process and evaluation (GIZ & FORCLIME 2020)
−|2018-Ongoing (2024)
Yes. Yayasan Riak Bumi and CIFOR have done orangutan nest survey inside the Danau Sentarum National Park. They also conduct other studies related to local communities' perception and sustainable livelihoods use. + + +
−
= Summary =
= Summary =
−<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.8398906, 112.1057973~[[Danau Sentarum National Park]]~Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus}}</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.8398906, 112.1057973~[[Danau Sentarum National Park]]~'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''}}</div>
−* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Danau Sentarum National Park.
−* It has been estimated that 202 individuals inhabit the site.
−* The population trend is decreasing.
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
−|1320
+|1,320 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
Line 38:
Line 31:
|-
|-
|Habitat types
|Habitat types
−|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, "Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)"
+|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|-
|Type of governance
|Type of governance
Line 53:
Line 46:
!Species
!Species
!Year
!Year
+!Occurrence
+!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Survey area
−!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Sampling method
−!Area
+!Analytical framework
−!Source
!Source
!Comments
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
−|2010-2011, 2012-2014
+|2010-2014
+|
+|
+|0.35 (0.13-0.95)
|202.49 (75.67-541.79)
|202.49 (75.67-541.79)
−|0.35 (0.13-0.95)
+|Danau Sentarum National Park
−|Line transects
|Line transects
+|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|Yuliani et al. 2023
|Yuliani et al. 2023
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
−|1996
+|1996.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
+|806.73
+|Danau Sentarum National Park
+|Line transects
|
|
−|Interviews
+|Yuliani et al. 2023
−|Meijaard, Dennis, and Erman 1996
+|Re-calculation of the 1996 survey estimate by Russon et al. 2001 using different nest decay time.
|
|
+|-
+|'Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
+|1996.0
|
|
−|
|
|
|
−|Hutan Nung, northwest of Bukit Pegah, and logged forest northeast of Leboyan
+|1025.0
+|Danau Sentarum National Park
|Line transects
|Line transects
−|Russon, Meijaard, and Dennis 2000
+|Distance sampling
+|Russon, Meijaard & Dennis 2000
|
|
|
|
Line 107:
Line 108:
!Description
!Description
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
−|-
|-
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11.2 Droughts
|11.2 Droughts
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−|Climate change has shifted the dry season in Danau Sentarum, causing a longer dry season between 1994 and 2001 for around 7 months compared to only 1-3 months previously (Onrizal et al. 2005)
+|Climate change has shifted the dry season in Danau Sentarum, causing a longer dry season between 1994 and 2001 for around 7 months compared to only 1-3 months previously (Onrizal et al. 2005).
|1994-2001
|1994-2001
+|-
+|5 Biological resource use
+|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
+|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
+|Communities perceive that besides deforestation, hunting and poaching for illegal trade are common threats to orangutan population (Meijaard, Dennis & Erman 1996). Poaching by loggers has also occurred (Yuliani et al. 2023).
+|1994-Ongoing (2014)
+|-
+|5 Biological resource use
+|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
+|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
+|Forest fragmentation due to logging and plantations caused forest loss from 79 continuous closed forest areas in 1973, to 67 areas in 1990. The number of contiguous orangutan habitat patches decreased from 6 to 5 between 1973 and 1997 (Russon, Meijaard & Dennis 2000). The extent of usable habitat in the park declined from 754 km2 to 571.66 km2 (i.e., to 24.18%) and outside the park from 552 km2 to 489.67 km2 (i.e., to 11.29%) (Yuliani et al. 2023).
+|1973-Ongoing (2014)
|-
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7 Natural system modifications
Line 124:
Line 131:
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Forest fires are generally induced by human activities such as clearing land for shifting agriculture using fire or drained peat for land preparation (Giesen & Aglionby 2000).
|Forest fires are generally induced by human activities such as clearing land for shifting agriculture using fire or drained peat for land preparation (Giesen & Aglionby 2000).
−|1990-Ongoing (2024)
+|1990-Ongoing (2000)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
|5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
−|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
+|Present (unknown severity)
−|Communities perceive that besides deforestation, hunting and poaching for illegal trade are common threats to orangutan population (Yuliani et al. 2018; Giesen & Aglionby 2000; Meijaard, Dennis, and Erman 1996)
+|Local community memebers reported increase in illegal trade of orangutan infants along with widespread timber sales to Sarawak, Malaysia (Yuliani et al. 2023).
−|1994-Ongoing (2024)
+|2010-Ongoing (2014)
|}
|}
Line 147:
Line 154:
|-
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
+|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
−|Community training to increase capacity in NTFP development related to production and quality as an economically- and environmentally- such as training on sustainable honey harvesting and hygienic post-harvest processes, training on tengkawang oil production, training on forest fruit processing, and strengthening community group organizations (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
+|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum has been conducting a monthly patrol to prevent forest fires in Danau Sentarum (Hapsari et al. 2022).
+|Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum (BBTNBKDS)
+|2019-Ongoing (2024)
+|-
+|2 Counter-wildlife crime
+|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+|The orangutan population is larger inside than outside the park, suggesting that national park status and programmes (e.g., patrols), particularly after the DSNP Authority was established in 2007, have provided much better protection for both the orangutans and their habitat (Yuliani et al. 2023).
+|
+|2007-Ongoing (2023)
+|-
+|4 Education & awareness
+|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
+|Education and public outreach to disseminate information, knowledge, and experience more broadly through hybrid meetings, and printing and digital media, such as bulletins, leaflets, manuals, social media platforms, websites, and workshops to raise awareness of the importance of orangutans and wildlife, the dangers of fire, waste management, etc (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
−|
+|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)
|5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)
|Participatory reforestation in forest-fire sites with local species utilized by wild honeybees and plant enrichment as fodder for wildlife, and agroforestry lands such as planting tengkawang and other forest fruits, intercropping agricultural crops such as rubber, coffee, palm trees, and others (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Participatory reforestation in forest-fire sites with local species utilized by wild honeybees and plant enrichment as fodder for wildlife, and agroforestry lands such as planting tengkawang and other forest fruits, intercropping agricultural crops such as rubber, coffee, palm trees, and others (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
+|2000-Ongoing (2024)
+|-
+|7 Economic & other incentives
+|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
+|Community training to increase capacity in NTFP development, such as training on sustainable honey harvesting, tengkawang oil production, forest fruit processing, and strengthening community group organizations (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024). Kemitraan Konservasion (or Conservation Partnership) is a program initiated by the Ministry of Forestry and the Environment which is the central government managing all national parks. One of the conservation partnership programs in this national park is honeybee farming which aims to increase families' income through sustainable livelihood (KSDAE, 2021).
+|Yayasan Riak Bumi, Balai Besar Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum (BBTNBKDS)
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|
|
−|Other (Forest fire prevention)
+|Other
|Forest fire prevention through raising awareness about the dangers of fire through prevention efforts, fire fighting training, providing fire fighting equipment, forming and strengthening community groups concerned with fire, and strengthening customary rules with active participation from the community (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
|Forest fire prevention through raising awareness about the dangers of fire through prevention efforts, fire fighting training, providing fire fighting equipment, forming and strengthening community groups concerned with fire, and strengthening customary rules with active participation from the community (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024).
−|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|
|
−|Other (Social forestry)
+|Other
|Strengthening of customary law or local rules in the management of conservation areas (work with government agencies and local communities): documentation of customary laws and local rules in sustainable natural resource management, redefining borders and regulations that are compatible with community welfare and environmental conservation (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024)
|Strengthening of customary law or local rules in the management of conservation areas (work with government agencies and local communities): documentation of customary laws and local rules in sustainable natural resource management, redefining borders and regulations that are compatible with community welfare and environmental conservation (Yayasan Riak Bumi, 2024)
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|Yayasan Riak Bumi
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|2000-Ongoing (2024)
−|}
|}
Line 192:
Line 199:
= Challenges =
= Challenges =
−NA
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Danau Sentarum National Park'''
Line 203:
Line 210:
|1 Site management
|1 Site management
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
−|Considering the vast area of Danau Sentarum and how orangutan's habitat also extends beyond the national park boundaries, it is important to integrate better conservation planning with other local stakeholders such as local peoples and private owners (Yuliani et al., 2023)
+|Yuliani et al. 2023
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
−|Regular and comprehensive biodiversity survey is still required to identify the baseline information and how the ecosystem changes over time. However, it is quite challenging to do so as it would require a great amount of funding and capacity (Giesen & Aglionby, 2000).
+|Giesen & Aglionby 2000
|1997-Ongoing (2024)
|1997-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|1 Site management
|1 Site management
|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
|1.4 Conflict on land tenure
−|Settlement conflict over unclear boundaries for utilization zone, particularly for logging timber during the presidential transition period (Yasmi et al., 2007)
+|Yasmi et al. 2007
|1998-2004
|1998-2004
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|2.3 General lack of funding
−|Limited funding from the central government can hinder the protection and sustainable management of this area (GIZ & FORCLIME 2020)
+|GIZ & FORCLIME 2020
|2019-Ongoing (2024)
|2019-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}
Line 232:
Line 239:
!Source
!Source
!Year(s)
!Year(s)
−|-
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
−|A study by Yuliani et al. 2023 found that areas with high densities of orangutan nests implement strong traditional knowledge in their informal institutions for conserving their natural resources. This helps to not only increase the awareness of orangutan's importance.
+|Yuliani et al. 2023
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
|2007-Ongoing (2023)
−|}
|}
= Research activities =
= Research activities =
−Yayasan Riak Bumi and CIFOR have done orangutan nest surveys inside the Danau Sentarum National Park. They have also conducted other studies related to local communities' perception and sustainable livelihoods use.
−Another organization called People Resources and Conservation Foundation (PRCF) have conducted general biodiversity surveys through funding of The Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFC) Kalimantan managed by Yayasan KEHATI.
−Another organization called People Resources and Conservation Foundation (PRCF) have also done surveys on general biodiversity surveys through the funding of The Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFC) Kalimantan managed by Yayasan KEHATI.
+Tanjungpura University as one of the local universities in West Kalimantan also often conduct research on orangutan nesting, wildlife surveys, and vegetation analysis for both students' and lecturers' projects.
−FOKKAB (Forum Konservasi Orangutan Kalimantan Barat or Conservation Forum of West Kalimantan Orangutan) is a regional organization focusing on orangutan data and its conservation. They also conduct regular nest surveys in and around Danau Sentarum National Park.
−Tanjungpura University as one of the local universities in West Kalimantan also often conduct research from orangutan nest, socioeconomic, wildlife surveys, and vegetation analysis for both students' and lecturers' projects.
−FOKKAB (Forum Konservasi Orangutan Kalimantan Barat or Conservation Forum of West Kalimantan Orangutan) is a regional organization focusing on orangutan data and its conservation. They also conduct regular nest survey in Danau Sentarum National Park and around.
= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
Line 287:
Line 281:
Giesen, W., & Aglionby, J. (2000). Introduction to danau sentarum national park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Borneo Research Bulletin, 31, 5-28.
Giesen, W., & Aglionby, J. (2000). Introduction to danau sentarum national park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Borneo Research Bulletin, 31, 5-28.
+
+
GIZ and FORCLIME. 2020. Suggestions on funding mechanism for Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu Biosphere Reserve. FORCLIME: Jakarta.
GIZ and FORCLIME. 2020. Suggestions on funding mechanism for Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu Biosphere Reserve. FORCLIME: Jakarta.
+
+
Hapsari, A., Rofiah, S., & Rudiyanto, W. 2022. Reducing risks from forest fire and disasters through a community-based forest fire brigade (MPA), a case study in Danau Sentarum National Park. XV World Forestry Congress. 2-6 May 2022, Coex, Seoul, South Korea.
Hapsari, A., Rofiah, S., & Rudiyanto, W. 2022. Reducing risks from forest fire and disasters through a community-based forest fire brigade (MPA), a case study in Danau Sentarum National Park. XV World Forestry Congress. 2-6 May 2022, Coex, Seoul, South Korea.
+
+
KSDAE. 2021. Melihat Sinergi Kemitraan Konservasi Kelompok Asosiasi Periau Muara Belitung. https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/artikel/9725/Melihat-Sinergi-Kemitraan-Konservasi-Kelompok-Asosiasi-Periau-Muara-Belitung.html
KSDAE. 2021. Melihat Sinergi Kemitraan Konservasi Kelompok Asosiasi Periau Muara Belitung. https://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/artikel/9725/Melihat-Sinergi-Kemitraan-Konservasi-Kelompok-Asosiasi-Periau-Muara-Belitung.html
+
+
Onrizal., Kusmana, C., Saharjo., B. H., Handayani, I. P., Kato, T. (2005). Social and environmental issues of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas, 6(3), 220-223.
Onrizal., Kusmana, C., Saharjo., B. H., Handayani, I. P., Kato, T. (2005). Social and environmental issues of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas, 6(3), 220-223.
+
+
Russon, A. E., Meijaard, E., & Dennis, R. (2000). Declining orangutan populations in and around the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Borneo Research Bulletin, 372-385.
Russon, A. E., Meijaard, E., & Dennis, R. (2000). Declining orangutan populations in and around the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Borneo Research Bulletin, 372-385.
+
+
UNESCO. 2018. Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu. https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/betung-kerihun-danau-sentarum-kapuas-hulu
UNESCO. 2018. Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu. https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/betung-kerihun-danau-sentarum-kapuas-hulu
+
+
Yayasan Riak Bumi. (2024). What We Do. https://riakbumi.or.id/what-we-do/
Yayasan Riak Bumi. (2024). What We Do. https://riakbumi.or.id/what-we-do/
+
+
Yasmi, Y., Colfer, C. J. P., Yuliani, L., Indriatmoko, Y., & Heri, V. (2007). Conflict management approaches under unclear boundaries of the commons: experiences from Danau Sentarum National Park, Indonesia. International Forestry Review, 9(2), 597-609.
Yasmi, Y., Colfer, C. J. P., Yuliani, L., Indriatmoko, Y., & Heri, V. (2007). Conflict management approaches under unclear boundaries of the commons: experiences from Danau Sentarum National Park, Indonesia. International Forestry Review, 9(2), 597-609.
+
+
Yuliani, E. L., Adnan, H., Achdiawan, R., Bakara, D., Heri, V., Sammy, J., ... & Sunderland, T. (2018). The roles of traditional knowledge systems in orang-utan Pongo spp. and forest conservation: a case study of Danau Sentarum, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oryx, 52(1), 156-165.
Yuliani, E. L., Adnan, H., Achdiawan, R., Bakara, D., Heri, V., Sammy, J., ... & Sunderland, T. (2018). The roles of traditional knowledge systems in orang-utan Pongo spp. and forest conservation: a case study of Danau Sentarum, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oryx, 52(1), 156-165.
+
+
Yuliani, E. L., Bakara, D. O., Ilyas, M., Russon, A. E., Salim, A., Sammy, J., ... & Sunderland, T. C. H. (2023). Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus population estimate within and around Danau Sentarum National Park, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan. Conservation Science and Practice, 5(4), e12916.
Yuliani, E. L., Bakara, D. O., Ilyas, M., Russon, A. E., Salim, A., Sammy, J., ... & Sunderland, T. C. H. (2023). Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus population estimate within and around Danau Sentarum National Park, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan. Conservation Science and Practice, 5(4), e12916.