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Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary (view source)

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= Summary =
 
= Summary =
   −
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.357767, 9.609717~[[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]]~Pan troglodytes ellioti}}</div>
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.357767, 9.609717~[[Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]]~'Pan troglodytes ellioti''}}</div>
 
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
 
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') are present in Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary.
 
* The population size is unknown.
 
* The population size is unknown.
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
 
|Species
 
|Species
−
|Pan troglodytes ellioti
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|'Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Area
 
|Area
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!Species
 
!Species
 
!Year
 
!Year
 +
!Occurrence
 +
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
 +
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
 
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Survey area
−
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Sampling method
−
!Area
+
!Analytical framework
−
!Method
   
!Source
 
!Source
 
!Comments
 
!Comments
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|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 
|2007
 
|2007
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 
|500-1000
 
|500-1000
−
|
  −
|1.793
   
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|Line transects
 
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Greengrass & Maisels 2007 as cited by Morgan et al. 2011 and Kupsch & Bobo 2024
 
|Greengrass & Maisels 2007 as cited by Morgan et al. 2011 and Kupsch & Bobo 2024
−
|Survey effort: 30.5 km (n = 17 transects)
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|Survey effort: 30.5 km (n = 17 transects). 1.793 nest cluster enc/km +/- 0.422 (SE)
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|0.129
+
|
 +
|
 
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
 
|Line transects
 
|Line transects
 +
|
 
|Kupsch & Bobo 2024
 
|Kupsch & Bobo 2024
−
|Survey effort: 124.5 km (n = 83 transects)
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|Survey effort: 124.5 km (n = 83 transects). 0.129 nest cluster enc/km +/- 0.052 (SE)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2006-2007
 +
|
 +
|0.21
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern section (284 km²)
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 +
|Greengrass 2016
 +
|Survey effort: 71.9 km (n = 12 recces)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
 +
|2023.0
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern section (122 km²)
 +
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 +
|Kupsch 2024
 +
|Survey effort: 130.9 km (n = 29 recces). 0.19 nest cluster enc/km +/- 0.07 (SE)
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
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!Description
 
!Description
 
!Year of threat
 
!Year of threat
 +
|-
 +
|10 Geological events
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 +
|
 +
|Absent
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
 +
|Commercial poaching (Morgan et al. 2011; BirdLife International 2020) and presence of hunting trails and other hunting signs (Greengrass & Maisels 2007, Kupsch & Bobo 2024, Kupsch 2024). In 2007, the hunting rate was 1.962 hunting trail/km; in 2014, 2.867 hunting trail/km; and in 2023 (Southern sector), 1.23 hunting trail/km; 0.17 cartridge shells/km; 0.7 traps/km (Kupsch & Bobo 2024, Kupsch 2024).
 +
|2001-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1 Residential & commercial development
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|Agricultural encroachment is a threat in the site (BirdLife International 2020).
 
|Agricultural encroachment is a threat in the site (BirdLife International 2020).
 
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
 
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 +
|Logging is a threat in the area (BirdLife International 2020). Engine saws heard during survey in southern sector in 2023 (Kupsch 2024).
 +
|2001-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|3 Energy production & mining
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|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
  −
|5 Biological resource use
  −
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
  −
|High
  −
|Presence of hunting trails (Greengrass & Maisels 2007, Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
  −
|2007
  −
|-
  −
|5 Biological resource use
  −
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
  −
|High
  −
|Presence of hunting trails (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
  −
|2014
  −
|-
  −
|5 Biological resource use
  −
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
  −
|High
  −
|Commercial poaching (Morgan et al. 2011; BirdLife International 2020); hunting trails increased between 2007 and 2014, and hunting is ongoing (Kupsch & Bobo 2024).
  −
|2001-Ongoing (2024)
  −
|-
  −
|5 Biological resource use
  −
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
  −
|Present (unknown severity)
  −
|Logging is a threat in the area (BirdLife International 2020).
  −
|2001-Ongoing (2020)
   
|-
 
|-
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
  −
|
  −
|-
  −
|10 Geological events
  −
|
  −
|Absent
   
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
  −
|
  −
|-
  −
|12 Other threat
  −
|
  −
|Absent
   
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
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= Conservation activities =
 
= Conservation activities =
   −
 
+
Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary is under the administration of the Cameroonian Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), which is supported by the PSMNR-SWR development program and follows a collaborative management approach (PSMNR-SWR n.d.). In addition to support for infrastructure, households, education and training, this also includes protection activities such as demarcation and patrolling, as well as bio-monitoring.
    
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
 
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
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!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Implementing organization(s)
 
!Year of activity
 
!Year of activity
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
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|Anti-poaching patrols (PSMNR-SWR n.d., Kupsch 2024).
 +
|
 +
|2006-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
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|Joint activities of community members and park-staff (PSMNR-SWR n.d., Kupsch 2024)
 +
|
 +
|2018-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
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|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
 +
|Various activities in 40+ target communities under PSMNR-SWR (n.d.), e.g. farmers training, vocational training, tree nurseries, piggeries, bee keeping, cassava mills
 +
|
 +
|2006-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5 Protection & restoration
 
|5 Protection & restoration
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|
 
|
 
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
 
|1996-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
 +
|Boundary demarcation activities of park staff and communities (PSMNR-SWR n.d.)
 +
|
 +
|2006-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|7 Economic & other incentives
 +
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
 +
|Farming equipment, scholarships, community infrastructure development, green initiatives e.g. bee farming, small scale poultry and non-timber products value chain improvement (PSMNR-SWR n.d.).
 +
|
 +
|2006-Ongoing (2024)
 
|}
 
|}
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= Challenges =
 
= Challenges =
   −
 
+
Since 2017, there has been a military-political crisis with a very poor security situation in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon, which has made law enforcement impossible. Eco-guards and researchers could not enter the wildlife sanctuary and most of the villages within and adjacent to it (Kupsch 2024). Since 2023, the southern section of the sanctuary is accessible by eco-guards and researchers again (Kupsch 2024).
    
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary'''
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!Year(s)
 
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
−
|
+
|Kupsch et al. 2024
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 +
|Kupsch et al. 2024
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|6.1 Political/economic instabilty
 +
|Kupsch et al. 2024
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|6.2 Insecurity
 +
|Kupsch et al. 2024
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/banyang_mbo_wildlife_sanctuary/ WWF Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]
 
[https://cameroon.panda.org/places_landscapes/coastal_forests_programme/banyang_mbo_wildlife_sanctuary/ WWF Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary]
 +
 +
[psmnrswr.org Programme for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources – Southwest Cameroon]
    
= Relevant datasets =
 
= Relevant datasets =
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= References =
 
= References =
   −
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020.
+
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020. <br>
−
 
+
Greengrass, E. J., & Maisels, F. (2007). Conservation of the Nigerian-Cameroon Chimpanzee P. t. vellerosus, (and other mammals) in and around Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Southwest province, Cameroon. Report, WCS Cameroon Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York. <br>
−
Greengrass, E. J., & Maisels, F. (2007). Conservation of the Nigerian-Cameroon Chimpanzee P. t. vellerosus, (and other mammals) in and around Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Southwest province, Cameroon. Report, WCS Cameroon Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York.
+
Greengrass, E.J. (2016). A survey of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee Pan troglodytes ellioti at Banyang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary, Southwest Province, Cameroon. Report. The Born Free Foundation. 23p. <br>
−
 
+
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345. <br>
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
+
Kupsch, D., & Bobo, K. S. (2024). Distribution parameters of large mammals and conservation management in an Afrotropical forest landscape and biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Ecology, 62(2), e13254. <br>
−
 
+
Kupsch, D. (2024). Status of large mammals and human activities in the southern hotspot of the Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary. PSMNR-SWR bio-monitoring report. Buea, Cameroon. 21p. <br>
−
Kupsch, D., & Bobo, K. S. (2024). Distribution parameters of large mammals and conservation management in an Afrotropical forest landscape and biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Ecology, 62(2), e13254.br>
+
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes ellioti''). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego. <br>
−
 
+
PSMNR-SWR (n.d.). About PSMNR-SWR. https://psmnrswr.org/about-psmnr-swr/ <br>
−
Morgan, B. J., Adeleke, A., Bassey, T., Bergl, R., Dunn, A., Fotso, R., ... & Williamson, E. A. (2011). Regional action plan for the conservation of the Nigeria–Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Zoological Society of San Diego.
           −
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA
+
'''Page created by: '''Denish Kupsch & Anthoine Sumbede''' Date:''' 2024-03-14
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