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!Method
|1.36
−|
|Ongoing (2020)
−|-
−|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
−|
−|Absent
−|
−|
−|-
−|7 Natural system modifications
−|7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
−|
−|Climate change, see item 11.
= Summary =
= Summary =
−<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.780 , 31.572~[[Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]~Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii}}</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.780 , 31.572~[[Budongo Central Forest Reserve]]~'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Budongo Central Forest Reserve.
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Budongo Central Forest Reserve.
* The population size was estimated at 584 (CI: 356-723) for the year 2000.
* The population size was estimated at 584 (CI: 356-723) for the year 2000.
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
−|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+|'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
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!Species
!Species
!Year
!Year
+!Occurrence
+!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Survey area
−!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Sampling method
−!Area
+!Analytical framework
−!Source
!Source
!Comments
!Comments
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2000
|2000
+|
+|
+|1.36
|584 (356-723)
|584 (356-723)
−|Budongo Forest
|Budongo Forest
|Line transects
|Line transects
+|
|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003
|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003
|Survey effort: 513.7 km
|Survey effort: 513.7 km
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|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2009
|2009
+|
|
|
|1.89
|1.89
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|Budongo Forest
|Budongo Forest
|Line transects
|Line transects
+|
|Babweteera et al. 2009
|Babweteera et al. 2009
|Survey effort: 423.5 km
|Survey effort: 423.5 km
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|
|
|-
|-
−|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
+|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
−|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
+|
−|Medium
+|Absent
−|Intermittent threat. Encroachment of forest habitat for farming and monoculture (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
+|
−|Ongoing (2020)
+|
+|-
+|10 Geological events
+|
+|Absent
+|
+|
|-
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
−|High
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Oil production by Total is taking place close to Budongo forest, to the north and west, along the land adjacent to Lake Albert. This work is leading to air pollution, noise pollution, upgrading of forest tracks to wide tarmacked roads for heavy traffic, increased accessibility to the forest interior for poachers, loggers, traffickers and dispossessed landless peasants, and as a result increased vulnerability of chimpanzees to human infections and interference. These threats are detailed in an [http://nema.go.ug/sites/all/themes/nema/docs/TILENGA%20ESIA%20Volume%20III_13-09-18.pdf Environmental Impact Assessment by Total] (vol III Plants and Wildlife). A summary of the above (Reynolds 2020) is available by request from Prof. V. Reynolds (vreynolds@btopenworld.com).
|Oil production by Total is taking place close to Budongo forest, to the north and west, along the land adjacent to Lake Albert. This work is leading to air pollution, noise pollution, upgrading of forest tracks to wide tarmacked roads for heavy traffic, increased accessibility to the forest interior for poachers, loggers, traffickers and dispossessed landless peasants, and as a result increased vulnerability of chimpanzees to human infections and interference. These threats are detailed in an [http://nema.go.ug/sites/all/themes/nema/docs/TILENGA%20ESIA%20Volume%20III_13-09-18.pdf Environmental Impact Assessment by Total] (vol III Plants and Wildlife). A summary of the above (Reynolds 2020) is available by request from Prof. V. Reynolds (vreynolds@btopenworld.com).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
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|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
−|High
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Two tracks through forest to be upgraded to roads for heavy traffic; see item 3.
|Two tracks through forest to be upgraded to roads for heavy traffic; see item 3.
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
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|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−|High
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Snares present in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
|Snares present in the forest (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
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|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−|High
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Loss of trees for charcoal burning and firewood. Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
|Loss of trees for charcoal burning and firewood. Illegal logging is present throughout forest, in particular outside of the immediate research areas; includes chimpanzee feeding species (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
−|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8.4 Pathogens
|8.4 Pathogens
−|High
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Chimpanzees are prone to human respiratory and parasitic infections. Respiratory outbreaks that were typical are now more often lethal. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Asiimwe, Ankwasa & Mugabe 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
|Chimpanzees are prone to human respiratory and parasitic infections. Respiratory outbreaks that were typical are now more often lethal. Other sites in Uganda have confirmed similar respiratory pathogens of human origin (Asiimwe, Ankwasa & Mugabe 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
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|9 Pollution
|9 Pollution
|9.6 Energy emissions
|9.6 Energy emissions
−|Low
+|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Noise and air pollution are beginning threats. Noise brought by illegal users (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020)
|Noise and air pollution are beginning threats. Noise brought by illegal users (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
−|10 Geological events
+|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−|
+|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−|Absent
+|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−|
+|Intermittent threat. Encroachment of forest habitat for farming and monoculture (Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020; Reynolds 2005).
−|
+|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
−|Present, but threat severity is unknown
+|Present (unknown severity)
|Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Eryenyu et al. 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
|Some evidence that there is decreasing fruiting in forest trees, perhaps impacted by increase in overnight temperature lows (Eryenyu et al. 2019; Hobaiter & Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
+|Ongoing (2020)
+|-
+|7 Natural system modifications
+|7.3 Other ecosystem modifications
+|Present (unknown severity)
+|Climate change, see item 11.
|Ongoing (2020)
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|12 Other threat
|12 Other threat
|12.1 Other threat
|12.1 Other threat
−|
+|Present (unknown severity)
|Increasing pressure of growing human population. Tens of thousands of displaced villagers who have lost their land are currently in camps. Road upgrades will give access to forest (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
|Increasing pressure of growing human population. Tens of thousands of displaced villagers who have lost their land are currently in camps. Road upgrades will give access to forest (Reynolds pers. comm. 2020).
|Near future
|Near future