duser, Administrators
731
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
Line 6:
Line 6:
+ + + +
−
−
−
−
−
The forest covers most of the reserve, supporting about 258 plant species (NFA, 2024), dominated by tree species such as Parinari excelsa, Olea welwitschii, Carapa grandiflora and Aningeria altissima while only 20% of the reserve is grassland (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2008: Howard, 1991).+Provides habitat to 183 bird species, 9 small mammals, 256 trees and shrubs species, 127 butterfly species, 56 large moths species (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2008). It contains sufficient numbers of the butterfly Telipna sheffieldii to qualify as a global KBA (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership, 2024).
−Itwara Forest is one of the natural forests that have been severely encroached and destroyed due to need for timber causing highest level of depletion. It falls on the list of most affected forests and the others include Matiri, Muzizi, Bugoma and Oruha Forest Reserves (NFA, 2024)
−Chimpanzees have been reported at the site since the early 90s and their abundance has been estimated at 120 individuals by (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003). The chimpanzees are not fully habituated to human presence and an estimate of the number of communities is not available. Other primate species reported in the reserve include; Black and white colobus,Baboon, Red-tail monkey,L'Hoests monkey and Blue monkey.
+!Method
|Itwara CF
−|Line transects
−|(Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003; Plumptre & Cox 2006)
−|A marked nest count method was used to obtain nest density estimates, Nest density was converted to chimpanzee density.
−Chimpanzees were censused with line transect and made reconnaissance walks. Transect was walked every 2 weeks for a period of 3–4 months Repeat counts along transects were analyzed as dependent sightings. Data obtained were analyzed in DISTANCE
+ +
−
−
−Survey of status of chimpanzees ((Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003)
−sixteen primate censuses, and associated vegetation sampling along two 5 km line transects located in mechanically harvested and undisturbed forest types in 1985 (Howard, 1991)
= Summary =
= Summary =
−<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.791389° , 30.471944° ~[[Itwara Central Forest Reserve]]~Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii}}</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|0.791389, 30.471944~[[Itwara Central Forest Reserve]]~'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
−* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Itwara Central Forest Reserve.
−* The population size was estimated at 120 individuals in 2002.
−* The population trend is unknown.
−* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting and expansion of farmland.
−= Site characteristics =
= Site characteristics =
−Itwara Forest is a medium altitude moist semi-deciduous forest forest located in Kyenjojo, North of Kagura, within the Albertine Rift Region, Western Uganda. It covers a relatively small area of 87 km2. The reserve occupies a steep undulating terrain, with elevation between 1220 to 1510 m, and dissected by two rivers, Wamisu and Sogahi which drain northwards (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership, 2024).
+Itwara Forest is a medium-altitude, moist semi-deciduous forest located in Kyenjojo District, north of Kagura, within the Albertine Rift Region of Western Uganda. Covering a relatively small area of 87 km², the reserve features a steep, undulating terrain with elevations ranging from 1,220 to 1,510 meters. It is traversed by two rivers, Wamisu and Sogahi, which drain northward (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2024).
−The climate is tropical with two rainfall peaks from April to May and September to November with an annual mean temperature range of 15° C- 27° C and annual rainfall range 1,250-1,400 mm (Howard, 1991).
+The forest, which covers most of the reserve, supports approximately 258 plant species (NFA 2024), with dominant tree species including ''Parinari excelsa'', ''Olea welwitschii'', ''Carapa grandiflora'', and ''Aningeria altissima'', while grasslands make up only 20% of the reserve (Ministry of Water and Environment 2008; Howard 1991).
−Itwara Forest provides habitat for 183 bird species, nine small mammal species, 256 tree and shrub species, 127 butterfly species, and 56 large moth species (Ministry of Water and Environment 2008). Notably, it supports a significant population of the butterfly species ''Telipna sheffieldii'', qualifying it as a global Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2024). In addition to chimpanzees, other primate species reported in the reserve include black and white colobus, baboons, red-tail monkeys, L'Hoests monkeys and blue monkeys.
−'''Table 1. Basic site information for Itwara Central Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Itwara Central Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
−|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+|'Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
−|87
+|87 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
−|Lat: 0.791389° N , Lon: 30.471944° E
+|Lat: 0.791389 , Lon: 30.471944
|-
|-
|Type of site
|Type of site
Line 57:
Line 46:
= Ape status =
= Ape status =
−Chimpanzees have been reported in the site since the early 90s and their abundance has been estimated at 120 individuals by (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003). The chimpanzees are not fully habituated to human presence and an estimate of the number of communities is not available.
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Itwara Central Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Itwara Central Forest Reserve'''
Line 63:
Line 52:
!Species
!Species
!Year
!Year
+!Occurrence
+!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Survey area
−!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Sampling method
−!Area
+!Analytical framework
−!Source
!Source
!Comments
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
−|Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
+|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
−|1999 and 2002
+|1999-2002
+|
+|
+|1.35
|120 (67-215)
|120 (67-215)
−|1.35
+|Itwara Forest Reserve
+|Line transects
+|Distance sampling (decay time unknown)
+|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003
|
|
−|
|
|}
|}
Line 91:
Line 79:
= Threats =
= Threats =
−Itwara Forest has been severely encroached and destroyed due to timber harvesting. It falls on the list of most affected forests, which includes Matiri, Muzizi, Bugoma and Oruha Forest Reserves (NFA 2024).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Itwara Central Forest Reserve'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Itwara Central Forest Reserve'''
Line 103:
Line 91:
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−|Present (unknown severity)
+|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−|Hunting with dogs, nets and spears was more common for Itwara although snares were encountered as well. Hunting of chimpanzees was rare and not deliberate as chimpanzees were not the target (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003). Poaching reported in 1994 (Edroma et al., 1997)
+|Hunting of chimpanzees is rare and not deliberate, as chimpanzees are not the target (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003). Poaching reported in 1994 (Edroma et al. 1997).
−|Ongoing. Reported 1994 and 2003
+|1994-Ongoing (2003)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
−|Reported as one of the most destroyed due to timber harvesting (NFA, 2024)
+|Timber harvesting has been reported (NFA 2024). 13.2 ha of the reserve were logged by 1994, 3.0 ha lightly pitsawn, and 3.5 ha heavily pitsawn (Edroma et al. 1997; Howard 1991).
−|1970-Ongoing (2024)
−13.2 ha of the reserve were mechanically harvested by 1994, 3.0 lightly pitsawn and 3,5 ha heavily pitsawn (Edroma et al., 1997: Howard, 1991)
−|Ongoing. First reported 1970
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
−|Illegal harvesting for for charcoal burning is also having an impact on the forest reserves and chimpanzees. Charcoal burning has the potential to cause more damage if not carefully controlled, as people are less selective in the tree species they harvest for charcoal (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003)
+|Illegal harvesting for for charcoal burning is also having an impact on the forest reserves and chimpanzees. Charcoal burning has the potential to cause more damage if not carefully controlled, as people are less selective in the tree species they harvest for charcoal (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003).
−|Ongoing. (2003)
+|Ongoing (2003)
|-
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Present (unknown severity)
−|Forest has been encroached for farmland. Encroachment is resulting in the loss of critical chimpanzee habitat and reduction in forest cover. More critically, forest connectivity and dispersal opportunities for chimpanzees has also been significantly reduced, preventing gene flow necessary to maintain viable metapopulations. In the long term, the inability to disperse could be the greatest threat to chimpanzee communities in these forests (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003)
+|The forest has been encroached for farmland, resulting in the loss of critical chimpanzee habitat and reduction in forest cover. More critically, forest connectivity and dispersal opportunities for chimpanzees has also been significantly reduced, preventing gene flow necessary to maintain viable metapopulations. In the long term, the inability to disperse could be the greatest threat to chimpanzee communities in these forests (Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003).
−|Ongoing. 2003
+|Ongoing (2003)
|}
|}
Line 146:
Line 129:
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
−|In 2023, WCS supported NFA in training senior management team in use of SMART
+|In 2023, WCS supported NFA in SMART training.
−|WCS and National Forest Authority (NFA)
+|Wildlife Conservation Society and National Forest Authority
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
−|Under Collaborative Forest Management groups, extra-forest (livelihood) activities like poultry keeping, pig-keeping, coffee, onion and/or potato growing and marketing are carried out so as to reduce pressure on reserve (Kazoora et al. 2020)
+|Under Collaborative Forest Management groups, extra-forest activities like poultry keeping, pig-keeping, coffee, onion and/or potato growing and marketing are carried out so as to reduce pressure on reserve (Kazoora et al. 2020).
−|Kajuma Itwara Farmers and Environmental Conservation Association (KIFECA) and National Forest Authority
+|Kajuma Itwara Farmers and Environmental Conservation Association and National Forest Authority
−|Ongoing: 2003
+|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
−|Designated a central forest reserve in 1948. Additionally, It contains sufficient numbers of the butterfly Telipna sheffieldii to qualify as a global KBA (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership, 2024). More protection conferred to the chimpanzee habitat
+|Designated a central forest reserve in 1948. Additionally, It contains sufficient numbers of the butterfly Telipna sheffieldii to qualify as a global KBA (Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2024).
−|Key Biodiversity Areas
+|Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership
−|2024-ongoing
+|1948-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}
Line 177:
Line 160:
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
−|(Kazoora et al. 2020)
+|Kazoora et al. 2020
|2003
|2003
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|2.2 Lack of staff
−|Ministry of Water and Environment (2008): NFA, 2024
+|Ministry of Water and Environment 2008; NFA 2024
−|2008- Ongoing
+|2008-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
−|Ministry of Water and Environment, 2008
+|Ministry of Water and Environment 2008
−|2008-Ongoing
+|2008-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
−|(Kazoora et al. 2020: NFA, 2024)
+|Kazoora et al. 2020; NFA 2024
−|2003-Ongoing
+|2003-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}
Line 209:
Line 192:
|3 Engaged community
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
−|(Kazoora et al. 2020)
+|Kazoora et al. 2020
−|2003- ongoing
+|2003-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}
= Research activities =
= Research activities =
−= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
Line 238:
Line 219:
Edroma, E., Rosen, N. and Miller, P. 1997. (eds) Conserving the Chimpanzees of Uganda. Population and habitat viability assessment for Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN.
Edroma, E., Rosen, N. and Miller, P. 1997. (eds) Conserving the Chimpanzees of Uganda. Population and habitat viability assessment for Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Howard, P. C. (1991). Nature conservation in Uganda's tropical forest reserves (pp. xvii+-313).
Howard, P. C. (1991). Nature conservation in Uganda's tropical forest reserves (pp. xvii+-313).
+
+
+
+
+
+
Kazoora, C., Irumba, D., Smith, N., Mutamba, M., Nkabiheebwa, P., Katumba, G., & Nakiyingi, E. (2020). A review of collaborative forest management in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: National Forestry Authority, Ministry of Water and Environment.
Kazoora, C., Irumba, D., Smith, N., Mutamba, M., Nkabiheebwa, P., Katumba, G., & Nakiyingi, E. (2020). A review of collaborative forest management in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: National Forestry Authority, Ministry of Water and Environment.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (2024) Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Itwara Forest. Reserve.https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/28632. Retrieved on Nov 19, 2024.
Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership (2024) Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Itwara Forest. Reserve.https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/28632. Retrieved on Nov 19, 2024.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Ministry of Water and Environment, MWE. (2008). Forest Management Plan for Itwara Group of Central Forest Reserves, for period Ist July, 2008-30th June, 2018. Kampala, Uganda.
Ministry of Water and Environment, MWE. (2008). Forest Management Plan for Itwara Group of Central Forest Reserves, for period Ist July, 2008-30th June, 2018. Kampala, Uganda.
+
+
+
+
+
+
NFA, Uganda. (2024). Itwara Forest. https://www.nfa.org.ug/forests/itwara-forest/. Retrieved on 20th Novemeber, 2024.
NFA, Uganda. (2024). Itwara Forest. https://www.nfa.org.ug/forests/itwara-forest/. Retrieved on 20th Novemeber, 2024.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Plumptre, A. J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates, 47(1), 65-73.
Plumptre, A. J., & Cox, D. (2006). Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda. Primates, 47(1), 65-73.
+
+
+
+
+
+
Plumptre, A. J., Cox, D., & Mugume, S. (2003). The status of chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society
Plumptre, A. J., Cox, D., & Mugume, S. (2003). The status of chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society
Line 255:
Line 278:
−'''Page created by: '''Steven Joel Basiibye basiibyestevens5@gmail.com''' Date:''' 2024-11-01
+'''Page created by: '''Steven Joel Basiibye''' Date:''' 2024-11-01