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+ +
−= Site characteristics =
−
−The Luki Biosphere Reserve is home to 26 animal species, 17 of which are considered flagship species for the Congo Basin Ecoregion and are protected under Congolese law.
−
−Key species include various duikers such as the black-banded duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), black-fronted duiker (Cephalophus nigrifons), and blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola). Other notable mammals include the harnessed bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), red-legged squirrel (Funisciurus pyrrhopus leonis), large Stanger's squirrel (Protoxerus stangeri), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), giant Emin's rat (Cricetomys eminii), and the aulacode (Thryonomys swinderianus).
−
−!Method
+|2001- ongoing (2021)+|-
−|
−|Deforestation
−|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−|Data from the Global Forest Watch indicates that the Luki Biosphere Reserve has lost 42% of its forest cover between 2001 and 2022, amounting to over 2,434 hectares. The peak of this deforestation occurred in 2014 (Mongabey 2024)
−|2001- ongoing (2024)+|-
−|7 Natural system modifications
−|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
−|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−|The vicinities of the LBR are dominated by savannahs, which are regularly on fires set by local populations (Cizungu et al. 2021). Totally, 4,602 fires were recorded in and around LBR from 2001 to 2019 (Cizungu et al. 2021).
−|Promotes sustainable agricultural practices, reforestation, and income-generating alternatives to reduce dependency on forest exploitation+|ERAIFT (RDC) ; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, ULiège (Belgique) ; Institut National pour l’Étude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), RDC+|5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)
−|Replanting of native species to combat deforestation and restore degraded forest areas
−|INERA, WWF, and other local NGOs
−|2000-ongoing (2023)
-Climate Change and Biodiversity are conducted in the Reserve by ERAIFT and research partners since 2010 (https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/allcategories-en-gb/80-blog/news/440-the-gibec-inter-donor-group-for-environment-and-climate-change-was-welcomed-this-tuesday-september-26-in-the-luki-biosphere-reserve-kongo-central-province-drc)
−-Ecosystem Services Valuation (ERAIFT, INERA, University of Liège) since 2010
+
= Summary =
= Summary =
−<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-5.707967, 13.201186~[[Luki Biosphere Reserve]]~Pan troglodytes troglodytes}}</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-5.707967, 13.201186~[[Luki Biosphere Reserve]]~'Pan troglodytes troglodytes''}}</div>
−* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') are present in Luki Biosphere Reserve.
+* The population size is unknown.
+* The population trend is unknown.
+= Site characteristics =
+The Luki Biosphere Reserve is home to 26 animal species, 17 of which are considered flagship species for the Congo Basin Ecoregion and are protected under Congolese law.
+Key species include various duikers such as the black-banded duiker (''Cephalophus dorsalis''), black-fronted duiker (''Cephalophus nigrifons''), and blue duiker (''Cephalophus monticola''). Other notable mammals include the harnessed bushbuck (''Tragelaphus scriptus''), red-legged squirrel (''Funisciurus pyrrhopus leonis''), large Stanger's squirrel (''Protoxerus stangeri''), African brush-tailed porcupine (''Atherurus africanus''), giant Emin's rat (''Cricetomys eminii''), and the aulacode (''Thryonomys swinderianus'').
−Carnivores and unique species include the long-tailed mongoose (''Herpestes naso''), long-tailed pangolin (''Manis tetradactyla''), and Bosman's potto (''Perodicticus potto''). Among primates, the chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus'') is particularly significant. Bird species such as the blue turaco (''Corythaeola cristata''), African palm civet (''Nandinia binotata''), whistling hornbill (''Bycanistes fistulator''), crested kingfisher (''Alcedo cristata''), and pygmy kingfisher (''Ceyx pictus'') also inhabit the reserve ([https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki ERAIFT]).
−Carnivores and unique species include the long-tailed mongoose (Herpestes naso), long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla), and Bosman's potto (Perodicticus potto). Among primates, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) is particularly significant. Bird species such as the blue turaco (Corythaeola cristata), African palm civet (Nandinia binotata), whistling hornbill (Bycanistes fistulator), crested kingfisher (Alcedo cristata), and pygmy kingfisher (Ceyx pictus) also inhabit the reserve (https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki)
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Luki Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Luki Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
−|Pan troglodytes troglodytes
+|'Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
−|32km2
+|32 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
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!Species
!Species
!Year
!Year
+!Occurrence
+!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Survey area
−!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Sampling method
−!Area
+!Analytical framework
−!Source
!Source
!Comments
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
−|Pan troglodytes troglodytes
+|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2021
|2021
−|NA
+|Present
−|NA
+|
+|
|
|
|Core area of the Biosphere Reserve
|Core area of the Biosphere Reserve
|Camera trap
|Camera trap
+|
|Djami et al. 2021
|Djami et al. 2021
−|Chimpanzees were captured on camera
+|Chimpanzees were captured on camera.
|
|
|}
|}
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= Threats =
= Threats =
−The natural forest matrix has been degraded over the years under the pressure of intensified human activities (Cizungu et al. 2021). This degradation has led to its transformation into a mosaic of anthropogenic habitats (Opelele et al. 2021). This process, coupled with hunting, seems to have favored the emergence of specific mammal guilds, particularly rodents, such as squirrels, rats, and African brush-tailed porcupines, within the reserve (Djami et al. 2023).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Luki Biosphere Reserve'''
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Luki Biosphere Reserve'''
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|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−|Commercial and subsistence hunting is one of the main activities carried out by the local population (Nyange, 2014; Ngabinzeke & Tongo, 2019) and extends into the core zone of the reserve, which is in principle strictly off-limits to human activity (Djami et al. 2023).
+|Commercial and subsistence hunting is one of the main activities carried out by the local population (Nyange 2014; Ngabinzeke & Tongo 2019) and extends into the core zone of the reserve, which is in principle strictly off-limits to human activity (Djami et al. 2023).
−|2014 - ongoing (2023)
+|2014-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|11 Climate change & severe weather
+|7 Natural system modifications
−|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
+|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
−|High (more than 70% of population affected)
+|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
−|In the LBR, the natural forest matrix has been degraded over the years under the pressure of intensified human activities (Cizungu et al., 2021). This degradation has led to its transformation into a mosaic of anthropogenic habitats (Opelele et al., 2021). This process, coupled with hunting, seems to have favored the emergence of specific mammal guilds, particularly rodents, such as squirrels, rats, and African brush-tailed porcupines, within the reserve (Djami et al. 2023)
+|The vicinities of the reserve are dominated by savannas, which are regularly set on fire by local populations (Cizungu et al. 2021). Totally, 4,602 fires were recorded in and around the site from 2001 to 2019 (Cizungu et al. 2021).
−|2001-Ongoing (2021)
−|2001- ongoing (2024)
|-
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−|A briefing highlights the rapid deforestation driven by the charcoal trade, illegal logging, and the bushmeat trade, which fuels large-scale poaching (Mongabay, 2024).
+|A briefing highlights the rapid deforestation driven by the charcoal trade, illegal logging, and the bushmeat trade, which fuels large-scale poaching (Kabemba 2024). Data from the Global Forest Watch indicates that the Luki Biosphere Reserve has lost 42% of its forest cover between 2001 and 2022, amounting to over 2,434 hectares. The peak of this deforestation occurred in 2014 (Kabemba 2024).
−|2001-Ongoing (2024)
−|2001- ongoing (2021) (
|}
|}
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|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−|Includes tracking of animal populations and implementing measures to prevent poaching, particularly of protected species
+|Includes tracking of animal populations and implementing measures to prevent poaching, particularly of protected species.
|WWF-DRC and local authorities
|WWF-DRC and local authorities
|2015-Ongoing (2023)
|2015-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
+|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
−|
−|WWF-DRC
−|2000-ongoing (2024)
−|-
|
|
−|-
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−|Focuses on educating local communities and students about biodiversity conservation, reforestation, and sustainable resource use through workshops, school programs, and community outreach (https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki)
+|Educate local communities and students about biodiversity conservation, reforestation, and sustainable resource use through workshops, school programs, and community outreach ([https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki ERAIFT]).
|WWF-DRC
|WWF-DRC
−|2019-ongoing (2023)
+|2019-Ongoing (2023)
+|-
+|5 Protection & restoration
+|5.6 Habitat restoration (e.g., tree planting)
+|Replanting of native species to combat deforestation and restore degraded forest areas.
+|INERA, WWF, and other local NGOs
+|2000-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|2 Counter-wildlife crime
+|7 Economic & other incentives
−|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
+|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
−|
+|Promote sustainable agricultural practices, reforestation, and income-generating alternatives to reduce dependency on forest exploitation.
−|WWF-DRC
+|ERAIFT (RDC), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, ULiège (Belgique), Institut National pour l’Étude et la Recherche Agronomiques (INERA), RDC
−|
+|2000-Ongoing (2024)
|}
|}
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|
|
|Other (the lack of a legal and institutional framework for management)
|Other (the lack of a legal and institutional framework for management)
−|Nyange (2014)
+|Nyange 2014
|2001-2014
|2001-2014
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
−|Nyange (2014)
+|Nyange 2014
−|2001-ongoing (2023)
+|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|2.2 Lack of staff
−|Nyange (2014)
+|Nyange 2014
−|2014-
+|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
−|Nyange (2014)
+|Nyange 2014
−|2014-Ongoing (2023)
+|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|-
|1 Site management
|1 Site management
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
−|https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki
+|[https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki ERAIFT]
−|2014-
+|Ongoing (2014)
|}
|}
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|2 Resources and capacity
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
−|https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/allcategories-en-gb/80-blog/news/440-the-gibec-inter-donor-group-for-environment-and-climate-change-was-welcomed-this-tuesday-september-26-in-the-luki-biosphere-reserve-kongo-central-province-drc; https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki
+|[https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki ERAIFT]
−|
+|Unknown
|-
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Strong government support
|4.2 Strong government support
−|https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki
+|[https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki ERAIFT]
−|
+|Unknown
|}
|}
= Research activities =
= Research activities =
−Research is conducted in the LBR in the follwing areas:
+Research is conducted in the reserve in the follwing areas: climate change and biodiversity studies are conducted by ERAIFT and research partners since 2010 ([https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/allcategories-en-gb/80-blog/news/440-the-gibec-inter-donor-group-for-environment-and-climate-change-was-welcomed-this-tuesday-september-26-in-the-luki-biosphere-reserve-kongo-central-province-drc ERAIFT]), and Ecosystem Services Valuation (ERAIFT, INERA, University of Liège) since 2010.
−= Documented behaviours =
= Documented behaviours =
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= References =
= References =
−https://fr.mongabay.com/2024/08/la-disparition-de-la-reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki-en-rdc-une-menace-pour-les-chimpanzes-a-face-blanche/[ access on 26th November 2024]
+Kabemba, Sylvain-Gauthier. (2024, August). La disparition de la réserve de biosphère de Luki en RDC: Une menace pour les chimpanzés à face blanche. Retrieved November 26, 2024, from https://fr.mongabay.com/2024/08/la-disparition-de-la-reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki-en-rdc-une-menace-pour-les-chimpanzes-a-face-blanche/
−https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki [ Accessed on 27th november 2024]
+ERAIFT. (n.d.). Réserve de biosphère de Luki. Retrieved November 27, 2024, from https://www.eraift-rdc.org/en/recherche/reserve-de-biosphere-de-luki
+Nyange, N. M. (2014). Participation des communautés locales et gestion durable des forêts: Cas de la réserve de la biosphère de Luki en République Démocratique du Congo.
Nyange, N. M. (2014). Participation des communautés locales et gestion durable des forêts: Cas de la réserve de la biosphère de Luki en République Démocratique du Congo.
+
+
Cizungu, N. C., Tshibasu, E., Lutete, E., Mushagalusa, C. A., Mugumaarhahama, Y., Ganza, D., ... & Bogaert, J. (2021). Fire risk assessment, spatiotemporal clustering and hotspot analysis in the Luki biosphere reserve region, western DR Congo. Trees, Forests and People, 5, 100104.
Cizungu, N. C., Tshibasu, E., Lutete, E., Mushagalusa, C. A., Mugumaarhahama, Y., Ganza, D., ... & Bogaert, J. (2021). Fire risk assessment, spatiotemporal clustering and hotspot analysis in the Luki biosphere reserve region, western DR Congo. Trees, Forests and People, 5, 100104.
+
+
Djami, Y. K., Fonteyn, D., Ngabinzeke, J. S., Meeys, M. N., Poulain, F., Tipi, E. L., & Vermeulen, C. (2023). État des populations des mammifères terrestres dans la Réserve de Biosphère de Luki (République démocratique du Congo).
Djami, Y. K., Fonteyn, D., Ngabinzeke, J. S., Meeys, M. N., Poulain, F., Tipi, E. L., & Vermeulen, C. (2023). État des populations des mammifères terrestres dans la Réserve de Biosphère de Luki (République démocratique du Congo).