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!Method
|20
|-
−|1 Residential & commercial development
−|1.1 Residential areas
−|Medium
−|Recent expansion of village settlements (WCF 2012)
−|After 2005
−|-
−|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
−|High
−|Illegal agriculture across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018).
−|Ongoing (2022)
|-
−|4 Transportation & service corridors
−|4.1 Roads & railroads
−|Medium
−|Recent extension of roads around villages in the North (WCF 2012). National road crosses the PA, as well as roads that connect enclaves to the national road (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
−|Ongoing (2022)
−|-
−|5 Biological resource use
−|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
−|High
−|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012)
−|Ongoing (2022)
−|-
−|5 Biological resource use
−|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−|Medium
−|Deforestation especially prevent in the North [10], territorial conflict during the Liberian war resulted in forest degradation in the South (WCF 2012)
−|Ongoing (2012)
−|-
−|5 Biological resource use
−|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
−|Low
−|Signs of fishing (WCF 2012)
−|Ongoing (2012)
|
−|
−|-
−|12 Other threat
−|
−|Absent
|
−|Ongoing (2022)
−|-
−|4 Education & awareness
−|4.3 Install billboards to raise ape conservation awareness
−|Billboards of protected species in the main villages of Ziama (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
= Summary =
= Summary =
−<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|8.28, -9.34~[[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|8.28, -9.34~[[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]~'Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur at the site.
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur at the site.
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|Species
−|Pan troglodytes verus
+|'Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|-
|Area
|Area
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!Species
!Species
!Year
!Year
+!Occurrence
+!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Survey area
−!Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Sampling method
−!Area
+!Analytical framework
−!Source
!Source
!Comments
!Comments
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|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1988
|1988
−|50
+|Present
|
|
|
|
+|50
|Ziama forest
|Ziama forest
|Interviews
|Interviews
+|
|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988
|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988
|Questionnaire survey
|Questionnaire survey
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|
|
|
|
−|Present
+|
+|
|Ziama forest
|Ziama forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|Reconnaissance walk
+|
|Ham 1998
|Ham 1998
|Reconnaissance survey
|Reconnaissance survey
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|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|2012
−|
|
|0.04
|0.04
+|
+|20
|Ziama forest
|Ziama forest
|Line transects
|Line transects
+|
|WCF 2012
|WCF 2012
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation
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|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016
|2016
+|
|
|
|
|
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|Ziama forest
|Ziama forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|Reconnaissance walk
+|
|FFI
|FFI
|
|
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!Description
!Description
!Year of threat
!Year of threat
−|-
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3 Energy production & mining
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|
|
|
|
−|-
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
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|
|
|-
|-
−|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
+|10 Geological events
+|
+|Absent
+|
+|
+|-
+|12 Other threat
|
|
−|Unknown
+|Absent
|
|
|
|
+|-
+|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
+|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
+|Illegal agriculture across large areas of the forest (WCF 2012), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands (FFI 2018).
+|Ongoing (2022)
+|-
+|5 Biological resource use
+|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
+|High (more than 70% of population affected)
+|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat (Ham 1998, WCF 2012).
+|Ongoing (2022)
+|-
+|1 Residential & commercial development
+|1.1 Residential areas
+|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
+|Recent expansion of village settlements (WCF 2012).
+|After 2005
+|-
+|4 Transportation & service corridors
+|4.1 Roads & railroads
+|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
+|Recent extension of roads around villages in the North (WCF 2012). National road crosses the PA, as well as roads that connect enclaves to the national road (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
+|Ongoing (2022)
+|-
+|5 Biological resource use
+|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
+|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
+|Deforestation especially prevent in the North [10], territorial conflict during the Liberian war resulted in forest degradation in the South (WCF 2012).
+|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|-
|9 Pollution
|9 Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
−|Present, but threat severity unknown
+|Present (unknown severity)
|Use of herbicides and pesticides in the wetlands under agriculture in the buffer zone (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Use of herbicides and pesticides in the wetlands under agriculture in the buffer zone (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|-
−|10 Geological events
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|
|
−|Absent
+|Unknown
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
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|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Developing an environmental feasibility study on fish farming (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Developing an environmental feasibility study on fish farming (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
+|
+|Ongoing (2022)
+|-
+|4 Education & awareness
+|4.3 Install billboards to raise ape conservation awareness
+|Billboards of protected species in the main villages of Ziama (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|Ongoing (2022)
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|5.8 Restrict number of people that are allowed access to site
|5.8 Restrict number of people that are allowed access to site
|Core zones are restricted, only CFZ rangers or researchers can access. The buffer zone allows some activities that will be regulated by co-management as stated in the Management Plan (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Core zones are restricted, only CFZ rangers or researchers can access. The buffer zone allows some activities that will be regulated by co-management as stated in the Management Plan (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
−|
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|Ongoing (2022)