Ugalla

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East Africa > Tanzania > Ugalla

Summary

  • Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Ugalla.
  • It has been estimated that 322 (CI: 227–373) individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzees population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 3,352 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and habitat encroachment.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.

Site characteristics

The Ugalla region is located approximately 65 km east of Lake Tanganyika, in western Tanzania (Moore & Vigilant 2014). A large part of the region is found within the East Tongwe Forest Reserve and is not part of the national park system of Tanzania (Moore & Vigilant 2014). The site covers approximately 3,350 sq.km and is one of the most seasonal, dry, and open chimpanzee habitats (Moore & Vigilant 2014). The region is classified as savanna-woodland; the grassy groundcover is extensive, the drought season takes place between May and October, and there is minimal rainfall. Small strips of forest occur around the ephemeral rivers of Ugalla (Moore & Vigilant 2014).

Table 1. Basic site information for Ugalla

Area 3,352 km²
Coordinates
Designation Unclassified
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical dry grassland, savanna, subtropical/tropical seasonally wet/flooded grassland

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Ugalla

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 1995-2005 200-300 0.07-0.09 Ugalla region 3,352 sq. km Index survey (reconnaissance walk) & Line transect survey Ogawa et al. 2007
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2009-2010 322 (227–373) 0.25 (0.16–0.38) Ugalla region, 624 sq.km Capture-recapture method Moore & Vigilant 2014 Standard and spatially explicit genetic capture–recapture methods

Threats

The area has been under increasing pressure from human disturbance. The greatest threats include agricultural expansion, cattle herding, fire, logging, and poaching (Masanja 2014). Hunting with snares is very common, but large game such as buffalo (Syncerus caffer), rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) or elephant (Loxodonta africana) are hunted with firearms. Elephant, rhinoceros and lion numbers have declined sharply in Ugalla, along with increased illegal ivory trade (Masanja 2014).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Ugalla

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Unknown
3. Energy production & mining Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Poaching is a serious problem in Ugalla because of poverty and a massive increase in demand for animal protein (Masanja 2014). Ongoing (2014)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Present, but threat severity unknown People burn grassland during the dry season. Although the fires have direct and indirect influences on vegetation and wild animals, trees don't die from the fires; the woodland in the area is considered fire-adapted (Ogawa 2007). Ongoing (2007)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Table 4. Conservation activities in Ugalla

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness Not reported
11. Habitat Protection Not reported
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives Not reported

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Ugalla

Challenge Source
Not reported

Research activities

A behavioral study of chimpanzees at the site documented the use of tools to dig for plant underground storage organs (USOs), suggesting that exploitation of such resources was within the cognitive and technological reach of the earliest hominins (Hernandez-Aguilar, Moore & Pickering 2007).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Ugalla

Behavior Source
Using tools to dig for plant underground storage organs Hernandez-Aguilar, Moore & Pickering 2007

External links

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Moore, D. L., & Vigilant, L. (2014). A population estimate of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Ugalla region using standard and spatially explicit genetic capture–recapture methods. American Journal of Primatology, 76(4), 335-346.
Ogawa, H., Moore, J., Pintea, L., & Hernandez-Aguilar, A. (2007). Sleeping parties and nest distribution of chimpanzees in the savanna woodland, Ugalla, Tanzania. International Journal of Primatology, 28(6), 1397-1412.
Hernandez-Aguilar, R. A., Moore, J., & Pickering, T. R. (2007). Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(49), 19210-19213.
Masanja, G. F. (2014). Human population growth and wildlife extinction in Ugalla ecosystem, western Tanzania. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5(2).


Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 14/11/2021