View source for Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)]]

= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
| -1.711684, 25.061206~[[Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)]]~Bonobos
}}
</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2).
* It has been estimated that a minimum of 5,000 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 20,000 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat destruction and degradation, risk of disease transmission.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

Unlike the Northern, Southern and Western blocks, most of the Eastern block (also known as the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba or TL2 block) is not part of a Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP) or Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (CFAC) landscape, because its biological importance was only revealed since 2007, through surveys (IUCN & ICCN 2012). The block stresches from from the Tshuapa River basin in the west to the Lualaba (Congo) River in the east. The western part of TL2 is contiguous with the Sankuru Natural Reserve. [[Lomami National Park]] is found within the TL2 block.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|20,000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
| -1.711684, 25.061206
|-
|Designation
|Unclassified
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest, moist savanna
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]

= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

Through analysis of all available data from surveys conducted between 2003–2010, it has been estimated that there is a minimum population of 5,000 individuals in the Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba block, making it an important stronghold for bonobos (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2003-2010
|5000
|
|
|Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)
|Model estimate
|[https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo IUCN & ICCN 2012]
|minimum estimate
|
|}

= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

Although large parts of the area are uninhabited, bonobos and other wildlife are under intense pressure from the commercial bushmeat trade. In addition, the presence of slash-and-burn agriculture and artisanal logging are also threats in the TL2 block. No industrial logging or mining operations exist in the area, but parts of the forest are fragmented in and around the Sankuru reserve (IUCN & ICCN 2012).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|Slash-and-burn agriculture (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|
|Intense hunting pressure from commercial bushmeat trade (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low
|
|Artisanal logging (IUCN & ICCN 2012).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]

= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]

= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of law enforcement
|IUCN & ICCN 2012
|-
|}

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

===Documented behaviours===   <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Eastern block (Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba, TL2)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}

=External links=

= References =
IUCN & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 65 pp. Online: https://www.iucngreatapes.org/bonobo <br>

<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 30/05/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->