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Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (view source)
Revision as of 10:55, 16 November 2023
, 10:55, 16 November 2023Created page with "<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION - Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images. - Text and images are not restricted, and their for..."
<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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[[Asia]] > [[Myanmar]] > [[Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|26.168635, 95.986726~[[Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]]~Western Hoolock Gibbons
}}
</div>
* Eastern Hoolock Gibbons (''Hoolock leuconedys'') and Western Hoolock Gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary .
* The population size is unknown.
* The gibbon population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 21,802 km².
* Gibbons are mainly threatened by commercial hunting.
* Conservation activities include biomonitoring, patrolling, and environmental education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:WCS MP_AYTun_Gibbon2.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © WCS MP_AYTun]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: WCS MP_AYTun_landscape.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary © WCS MP_AYTun]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: WCS MP_AYTun_maleandfemale.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © WCS MP_AYTun]] </li>
</ul></div>
Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (HVWS), also known as Hukaung Tiger Reserve, is located in northwestern Myanmar. The site was established in 2001 and is currently in the tentative list for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage site. Due to its large size, connection to other protected areas, and diversity of forest types and elevations, HVWS contains a diverse assemblage of wildlife. HVWS includes many threatened and wide-ranging species such as the Asian Elephant, Tiger, and Rufous-necked Hornbill. The Hoolock Gibbon and Shortridge’s Langur are also present (UNESCO 2014).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|21802.53 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|26.168635, 95.986726
|-
|Designation
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, grassland
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hoolock leucodenys''
|2005-2006
|
|
| 2.81
|Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
|Auditory Survey Method
|Htun et al. 2006
|
|
|-
|''Hoolock leuconedys'' & ''Hoolock hoolock''
|2016
|
|
|present
|Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
|Photo Taking and Direct Counting
|NWCD/WCS 2016
|Gibbon Face photo taking and collect faecal for DNA Analysis
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
WCS established an Eastern Hoolock gibbon conservation project for population monitoring and community outreach at a number of protected areas, including Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (Thompson et al. 2023).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023, Thompson et al. 2023)
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is a protected area.
|2001-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Challenges to the implementation of conservation activities include armed conflict and limited financial resources, as well as the challenge of protecting such a huge area (Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Civil unrest
|Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023
|-
|Lack of financial means
|Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Htun, S., Aung, Z. H., Naing, W., Khaing, Z. W., Htay, T., Tun, N. L., ... & Moe, T. K. (2006). Final Report on conservation of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in the Hukaung Tiger Reserve, north Myanmar: Population surveys, threat assessment and conservation outreach, September 2006. Forest Department, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, and Wildlife Conservation Society–Myanmar Program, Yangon. <br>
Thompson, C., Lwin, N., Aung, P. P., Aung, T. H., Htike, T. S. M., San, A. M., ... & Evans, T. S. (2023). The status of primates and primatology in Myanmar. Global Ecology and Conservation, e02662.<br>
UNESCO (2014). Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. Online: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5875/<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Ko Aung Ye Tun''' Date:''' 15/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Asia]] > [[Myanmar]] > [[Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
<div style="float: right">
{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
|26.168635, 95.986726~[[Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]]~Western Hoolock Gibbons
}}
</div>
* Eastern Hoolock Gibbons (''Hoolock leuconedys'') and Western Hoolock Gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary .
* The population size is unknown.
* The gibbon population trend is stable.
* The site has a total size of 21,802 km².
* Gibbons are mainly threatened by commercial hunting.
* Conservation activities include biomonitoring, patrolling, and environmental education.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
<div><ul>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:WCS MP_AYTun_Gibbon2.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © WCS MP_AYTun]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: WCS MP_AYTun_landscape.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary © WCS MP_AYTun]] </li>
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: WCS MP_AYTun_maleandfemale.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © WCS MP_AYTun]] </li>
</ul></div>
Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (HVWS), also known as Hukaung Tiger Reserve, is located in northwestern Myanmar. The site was established in 2001 and is currently in the tentative list for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage site. Due to its large size, connection to other protected areas, and diversity of forest types and elevations, HVWS contains a diverse assemblage of wildlife. HVWS includes many threatened and wide-ranging species such as the Asian Elephant, Tiger, and Rufous-necked Hornbill. The Hoolock Gibbon and Shortridge’s Langur are also present (UNESCO 2014).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|21802.53 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|26.168635, 95.986726
|-
|Designation
|Wildlife Sanctuary
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, grassland
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Total number indiv. (95% CI)
! Total number groups (95% CI)
! Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hoolock leucodenys''
|2005-2006
|
|
| 2.81
|Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
|Auditory Survey Method
|Htun et al. 2006
|
|
|-
|''Hoolock leuconedys'' & ''Hoolock hoolock''
|2016
|
|
|present
|Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
|Photo Taking and Direct Counting
|NWCD/WCS 2016
|Gibbon Face photo taking and collect faecal for DNA Analysis
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
|Present (unknown severity)
|
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
WCS established an Eastern Hoolock gibbon conservation project for population monitoring and community outreach at a number of protected areas, including Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (Thompson et al. 2023).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023, Thompson et al. 2023)
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|
|5.16. Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. comm. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is a protected area.
|2001-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
|(Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Challenges to the implementation of conservation activities include armed conflict and limited financial resources, as well as the challenge of protecting such a huge area (Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Civil unrest
|Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023
|-
|Lack of financial means
|Ko Aung Ye Tun pers. obs. 2023
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Not reported
|
|-
|}
=External links=
= References =
Htun, S., Aung, Z. H., Naing, W., Khaing, Z. W., Htay, T., Tun, N. L., ... & Moe, T. K. (2006). Final Report on conservation of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in the Hukaung Tiger Reserve, north Myanmar: Population surveys, threat assessment and conservation outreach, September 2006. Forest Department, Nature and Wildlife Conservation Division, and Wildlife Conservation Society–Myanmar Program, Yangon. <br>
Thompson, C., Lwin, N., Aung, P. P., Aung, T. H., Htike, T. S. M., San, A. M., ... & Evans, T. S. (2023). The status of primates and primatology in Myanmar. Global Ecology and Conservation, e02662.<br>
UNESCO (2014). Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. Online: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5875/<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''Ko Aung Ye Tun''' Date:''' 15/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->