Difference between revisions of "Bia Conservation Area"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia Conservation Area]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Bia Conservation Area]]
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
 
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
[[File: chimpanzee_OforiAmanfo.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzee captured on a camera trap © Richard Ofori-Amanfo]]
 
[[File: chimpanzee_OforiAmanfo.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzee captured on a camera trap © Richard Ofori-Amanfo]]
−
The Bia Conservation Area (BCA) forms a 306 km² block in the moist evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forest zones of western Ghana, between the Bia River and the border with Côte d’Ivoire. BCA encompasses Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve; Bia National Park is 78 km² and Bia Resource Reserve is 228 km². The BCA was originally part of a larger (about 1500 km²) ecosystem for forest elephants known as the Bia Group of Forest Reserves. However, the Bia elephant range has reduced over time due to clearance for cocoa cultivation, and is now an isolated population in an ecological island of forest with hard boundaries and no transitional zone to farmland (PADP 2001). It is planned for the entire area to be upgraded to national park status (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
+
The Bia Conservation Area (BCA) forms a 306km2 block in the moist evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forest zones of western Ghana, between the Bia River and the border with Côte d’Ivoire. BCA encompasses Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve; Bia National Park is 78 km2 and Bia Resource Reserve is 228 km2. The BCA was originally part of a larger (about 1500km2) ecosystem for forest elephants known as the Bia Group of Forest Reserves. However, the Bia elephant range has reduced over time due to clearance for cocoa cultivation, and is now an isolated population in an ecological island of forest with hard boundaries and no transitional zone to farmland (PADP 2001). It is planned for the entire area to be upgraded to national park status (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Conservation Area'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
−
| Species
+
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
−
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
−
|-
 
−
| Area
 
 
|306 km²
 
|306 km²
 
|-
 
|-
Line 34: Line 34:
 
|6.481132, -3.112847
 
|6.481132, -3.112847
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Type of site
+
|Designation
−
|Conservation area (national park, resource reserve)
+
|Conservation Area
−
|-
 
−
|Governance type
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat type
+
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Types of sites]] ⋅ [[Governance types]] ⋅ [[Habitat types]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−
 
+
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHDknLH4bYc|320x210|inline}}
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
 
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
  
Line 53: Line 50:
 
! Species
 
! Species
 
! Year
 
! Year
−
! Occurrence
 
−
! Encounter or visitation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
 
−
! Density estimate [ind/ km²] (95% CI)
 
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
 
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Survey area
+
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Sampling method
+
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Analytical framework
+
! Area
 +
! Method
 
! Source
 
! Source
 
! Comments
 
! Comments
Line 66: Line 61:
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2019-2020
 
|2019-2020
−
|Present
+
|34
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|34
+
|Bia Conservation Area
−
|Bia Conservation Area (306 km²)
+
|Line transects (Distance)
−
|Line transects
 
−
|
 
 
|Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers comm. 2023
 
|Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers comm. 2023
 
|Estimate for weaned individuals
 
|Estimate for weaned individuals
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Sampling methods]] ⋅ [[Analytical frameworks]]
 
 
[[File: Bia NP headquarters PK Quansah.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Bia National Park headquarters © Papa Kwaw Quansah]]
 
[[File: Bia NP headquarters PK Quansah.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Bia National Park headquarters © Papa Kwaw Quansah]]
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
  
−
A total of 3,721 illegal human signs which are threats to the subspecies were recorded in 2021 and provided an overall encounter rate of 5.69 human signs per a kilometre walk. Three major threats among these were cartridge case (45.9%), wire snare (29.4%) and illegal logging (14.2%) (Danquah, E., pers. comm. 2022). Poachers still hunt in the park and set snares that also affect chimpanzees. Although poaching is not very frequent, it is a main threat because of the site’s low chimpanzee population abundance. Farm raids by wildlife resulting in human-wildlife conflict with elephants the most, but chimpanzees are also involved; with chimpanzees being low in numbers compared to elephants, it means a major threat to the chimpanzee population (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).  
+
A total of 3,721 illegal human signs which are threats to the subspecies were recorded in 2021 and provided an overall encounter rate of 5.69 human signs per a kilometre walk. Three major threats among these were cartridge case (45.9%), wire snare (29.4%) and illegal logging (14.2%) (Danquah, E., pers. comm. 2022). Poachers still hunt in the park and set snares that also affect chimpanzees. Although poaching is not very frequent, it is a main threat because of the site’s low chimpanzee population abundance. Farm raids by wildlife resulting in human-wildlife conflict with elephants the most but chimpanzees are also involved. And with chimpanzees being low in numbers compared to elephants, it means a major threat to the chimpanzee population (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).  
  
 
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bia Conservation Area'''
 
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Bia Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific threats
+
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
−
!Threat level
+
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
−
!Description
+
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
−
!Year of threat
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
 +
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 100: Line 94:
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|Low
 
|Low
 +
|
 
|Habitat encroachment due to agriculture (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Habitat encroachment due to agriculture (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
Line 105: Line 100:
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 111: Line 107:
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
−
|Unknown
+
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 118: Line 115:
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
 +
|5.69 human signs/km
 
|Cartridge cases and wire snares (Danquah, E. pers. comm. 2022). Poaching of wildlife which includes illegal entry with guns to kill wildlife and setting of traps like wire snares (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Cartridge cases and wire snares (Danquah, E. pers. comm. 2022). Poaching of wildlife which includes illegal entry with guns to kill wildlife and setting of traps like wire snares (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|1935-Ongoing (2023)
 
|1935-Ongoing (2023)
Line 124: Line 122:
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 130: Line 129:
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|Low
 
|Low
 +
|
 
|Hunting for tree Hyrax with the use of fires, resulting sometimes in bushfires (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Hunting for tree Hyrax with the use of fires, resulting sometimes in bushfires (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|1935-Ongoing (2023)
 
|1935-Ongoing (2023)
Line 136: Line 136:
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 142: Line 143:
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 148: Line 150:
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 154: Line 157:
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 160: Line 164:
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Threats]]
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
 
= Conservation activities =      <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
−
!Specific activity
+
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
−
!Description  
+
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Implementing organization
+
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
−
!Year of activity
+
|-
 +
|1. Residential & commercial development
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Development impact mitigation
+
|3. Energy production & mining
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|4. Transportation & service corridors
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Counter-wildlife crime
+
|5. Biological resource use
−
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
|Wildlife patrol teams regularly conduct law enforcement duties within and around the protected area (Danquah, E., 2022). Anti-poaching operations (day, night and long patrols) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Wildlife patrol teams regularly conduct law enforcement duties within and around the protected area (Danquah, E., 2022). Anti-poaching operations (day, night and long patrols) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 +
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|7. Natural system modifications
 +
|Not reported
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Species health
+
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|9. Pollution
 +
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Education & awareness
+
|10. Education & Awareness
−
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
+
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
|Conservation education and outreach programmes in communities around the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
 
|Conservation education and outreach programmes in communities around the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023).
−
|
 
 
|2000-Ongoing (2023)
 
|2000-Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Education & awareness
+
|
−
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
+
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 
|Communities around the park are aggregated into 10 Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) where they have a constitution and management plans backed by the local government to regulate the use of their natural resources and also help protect the protected area from human entering (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Communities around the park are aggregated into 10 Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) where they have a constitution and management plans backed by the local government to regulate the use of their natural resources and also help protect the protected area from human entering (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
 
 
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
+
|11. Habitat Protection
−
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
+
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|1935-Ongoing (2023)
 
|1935-Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
 
−
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
 
−
|Fifty (50) missing, broken and defaced boundary pillars were replaced (out of a total of 115 boundary pillar points identified) to properly demarcate and delineate the park from fringe farms and prevent encroachment into the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
 +
|Fifty (50) missing, broken and defaced boundary pillars replaced (out of a total of 115 boundary pillar points identified) to properly demarcate and delineate the park from fringe farms and prevent encroachment into the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|2020
 
|2020
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Protection & restoration
+
|
−
|5.6 Habitat restoration
+
|Other
 
|Enrichment planting has been carried out with some different kinds of indigenous tree species in some degraded portions of the Resource Reserve. The entire Bia Conservation Area boundary has been planted with indigenous tree species to prevent encroachment into the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023, Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Enrichment planting has been carried out with some different kinds of indigenous tree species in some degraded portions of the Resource Reserve. The entire Bia Conservation Area boundary has been planted with indigenous tree species to prevent encroachment into the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023, Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
 
 
|2018-2022
 
|2018-2022
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Species management
+
|12. Species Management
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
+
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
+
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
−
|The park has been employing community people around the park as staff since the park was established in 1974 up till now. In the last 5 years the park has employed  about 10 people in communities surrounding the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
+
|Tropenbos Ghana, UNESCO, NCRC, and SNV Ghana support income generating activities such as beekeeping and honey processing, palm oil processing, soap production, snail farming, and mushroom cultivation (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|1993-Ongoing (2023)
−
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
+
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
+
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
 
|Provision of school and other infrastructural development (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
 
|Provision of school and other infrastructural development (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
 
 
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Economic & other incentives
+
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
+
|13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment)
−
|Tropenbos Ghana, UNESCO, NCRC, and SNV Ghana support income generating activities such as beekeeping and honey processing, palm oil processing, soap production, snail farming, and mushroom cultivation (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
+
|The park has been employing community people around the park as staff since the park was established in 1974 up till now. In the last 5 years the park has employed  about 10 people in communities surrounding the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).
−
|
+
|1974-Ongoing (2023)
−
|1993-Ongoing (2023)
 
−
|-
 
−
|8. Permanent presence
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities]]
+
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
  
−
= Conservation implementation challenges and enablers = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
  
 
The Ghana Wildlife Division has few staff and resources to conduct effective and regular anti-poaching activities within and around the protected area. Inadequate staff, field equipment, vehicles etc. hinder effective protection of the chimpanzees.
 
The Ghana Wildlife Division has few staff and resources to conduct effective and regular anti-poaching activities within and around the protected area. Inadequate staff, field equipment, vehicles etc. hinder effective protection of the chimpanzees.
Line 266: Line 282:
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Conservation Area'''
 
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
−
!Challenge
+
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
−
!Source
+
|-
−
!Year(s)
+
|Lack of logistical means
 +
|Danquah, E. pers. observation 2022
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Site management
+
|Lack of funding
−
|Outdated management plan
 
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Lack of staff
−
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
 
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Lack of infrastructure maintenance
−
|2.7 Lack of infrastructure
 
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Lack of research to know animal numbers and reliable resource data
−
|2.2 Lack of staff
 
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Outdated management plan
−
|2.3 General lack of funding
 
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Resources & capacity
+
|Inaccessible internal roads within the park to improve internal patrols and tourism
−
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
 
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
 
|Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|3. Engaged community
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Institutional support
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Challenges]]
 
−
 
−
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bia Conservation Area'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enablers-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
 
−
!Enabler
 
−
!Source
 
−
!Year(s)
 
−
|-
 
−
|1. Site management
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Resources & capacity
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|3. Engaged community
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|4. Institutional support
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Ecological context
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|6. Safety & stability
 
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
−
[[Enablers]]
 
  
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
Line 370: Line 314:
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
  
−
'''Table 7. Ape behaviors reported for Bia Conservation Area'''
+
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bia Conservation Area'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
 
!align="left"|Behavior
 
!align="left"|Behavior
Line 380: Line 324:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
+
=External links=
  
−
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
 
−
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
  
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'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Bia Conservation Area'''
+
= References =
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
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|'''1981-2010'''
 
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|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
 
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
−
|27
 
−
|28.1
 
−
|27.9
 
−
|28.2
 
−
|29.4
 
−
|-
 
−
|Annual precipitation [mm]
 
−
|1295
 
−
|1253
 
−
|1314
 
−
|1258
 
−
|1335
 
−
|-
 
−
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
 
−
|28.9
 
−
|26.1
 
−
|28.8
 
−
|30.3
 
−
|30.6
 
−
|-
 
−
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
 
−
|6.5
 
−
|6.1
 
−
|6.5
 
−
|5.8
 
−
|8.3
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Bia Conservation Area'''
 
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
 
−
|
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
 
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|Crop failure
 
−
|6.5
 
−
|3.41
 
−
|3.5
 
−
|2.27
 
−
|3.5
 
−
|3.41
 
−
|12
 
−
|3.41
 
−
|-
 
−
|Drought
 
−
|1.5
 
−
|50
 
−
|0.5
 
−
|50
 
−
|1.25
 
−
|50
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Heatwave
 
−
|8
 
−
|100
 
−
|7.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|8.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|2.5
 
−
|100
 
−
|-
 
−
|River flood
 
−
|0.75
 
−
|0.09
 
−
|1.5
 
−
|1.03
 
−
|2.25
 
−
|1.66
 
−
|0.75
 
−
|0.85
 
−
|-
 
−
|Tropical cyclone
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|0
 
−
|-
 
−
|Wildfire
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.44
 
−
|30
 
−
|0.42
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.44
 
−
|29
 
−
|0.46
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
<div><ul>
+
<br>
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Bia NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Bia Conservation Area]] </li>
 
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Bia NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Bia Conservation Area]] </li>
 
−
</ul></div>
 
−
 
 
−
=External links=
 
−
 
 
−
= References =
 
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 
−
Lange, S., Volkholz, J., Geiger, T., Zhao, F., Vega, I., Veldkamp, T., ... & Frieler, K. (2020). Projecting exposure to extreme climate impact events across six event categories and three spatial scales. Earth's Future, 8(12), e2020EF001616.<br>  
 
 
Cite as: Danquah, E., Ofori-Amanfo, R. &  Papa Kwaw Quansah (2023) Bia Conservation Area. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Bia_Conservation_Area
 
Cite as: Danquah, E., Ofori-Amanfo, R. &  Papa Kwaw Quansah (2023) Bia Conservation Area. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Bia_Conservation_Area
 
'''Page completed by: '''Emmanuel Danquah, Richard Ofori-Amanfo & Papa Kwaw Quansah''' Date:''' 17/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
 
'''Page completed by: '''Emmanuel Danquah, Richard Ofori-Amanfo & Papa Kwaw Quansah''' Date:''' 17/11/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->

Latest revision as of 02:35, 22 July 2024

West Africa > Ghana > Bia Conservation Area

Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in the Bia Conservation Area.
  • The population size is estimated at 34 weaned individuals.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
  • The site has a total size of 306 km².
  • Illegal hunting is the main threat.
  • Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols.

Site characteristics

Chimpanzee captured on a camera trap © Richard Ofori-Amanfo

The Bia Conservation Area (BCA) forms a 306km2 block in the moist evergreen and moist semi-deciduous forest zones of western Ghana, between the Bia River and the border with Côte d’Ivoire. BCA encompasses Bia National Park and Bia Resource Reserve; Bia National Park is 78 km2 and Bia Resource Reserve is 228 km2. The BCA was originally part of a larger (about 1500km2) ecosystem for forest elephants known as the Bia Group of Forest Reserves. However, the Bia elephant range has reduced over time due to clearance for cocoa cultivation, and is now an isolated population in an ecological island of forest with hard boundaries and no transitional zone to farmland (PADP 2001). It is planned for the entire area to be upgraded to national park status (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bia Conservation Area

Area 306 km²
Coordinates 6.481132, -3.112847
Designation Conservation Area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Wildlife patrol team encounters with chimpanzee signs indicate a decreasing trend (Danquah, E., pers. comm. 2022).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bia Conservation Area

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2019-2020 34 Bia Conservation Area Line transects (Distance) Ofori-Amanfo, R. pers comm. 2023 Estimate for weaned individuals
Bia National Park headquarters © Papa Kwaw Quansah

Threats

A total of 3,721 illegal human signs which are threats to the subspecies were recorded in 2021 and provided an overall encounter rate of 5.69 human signs per a kilometre walk. Three major threats among these were cartridge case (45.9%), wire snare (29.4%) and illegal logging (14.2%) (Danquah, E., pers. comm. 2022). Poachers still hunt in the park and set snares that also affect chimpanzees. Although poaching is not very frequent, it is a main threat because of the site’s low chimpanzee population abundance. Farm raids by wildlife resulting in human-wildlife conflict with elephants the most but chimpanzees are also involved. And with chimpanzees being low in numbers compared to elephants, it means a major threat to the chimpanzee population (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bia Conservation Area

Category Specific threats Threat level Quantified severity Description Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Low Habitat encroachment due to agriculture (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1974-Ongoing (2023)
3. Energy production & mining Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors Absent
5. Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium 5.69 human signs/km Cartridge cases and wire snares (Danquah, E. pers. comm. 2022). Poaching of wildlife which includes illegal entry with guns to kill wildlife and setting of traps like wire snares (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1935-Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Unknown
7. Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression Low Hunting for tree Hyrax with the use of fires, resulting sometimes in bushfires (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1935-Ongoing (2023)
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Unknown
9. Pollution Unknown
10. Geological Events Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12. Other options Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Bia Conservation Area is a protected area so there are dedicated staff who patrol inside the Park to protect the resources including the chimpanzees. There is also a community outreach team that goes to the communities to educate them about the need to conserve natural resources including the chimpanzees. Ghana's Wildlife Division is responsible for maintaining law and order within the protected area. Between February and September 2023, the park conducted a programme, with funding from the Africa Elephant Fund (AEF), in 11 human wildlife hotspot communities where wildlife (with emphasis on elephants) invade community farms and livelihoods resulting in human wildlife conflict situations sometimes resulting in reprisal killings of wildlife. These communities were sensitised and educated on ways to mitigate human wildlife conflicts. Community Volunteer Squads were then formed, trained and given implements and the necessary tools and education to prevent wildlife raids on farms which results in human wildlife conflicts (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bia Conservation Area

Category Specific activity Description Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture Not reported
3. Energy production & mining Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors Not reported
5. Biological resource use 5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Wildlife patrol teams regularly conduct law enforcement duties within and around the protected area (Danquah, E., 2022). Anti-poaching operations (day, night and long patrols) (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). 1974-Ongoing (2023)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance Not reported
7. Natural system modifications Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases Not reported
9. Pollution Not reported
10. Education & Awareness 10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use Conservation education and outreach programmes in communities around the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023). 2000-Ongoing (2023)
10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management Communities around the park are aggregated into 10 Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) where they have a constitution and management plans backed by the local government to regulate the use of their natural resources and also help protect the protected area from human entering (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1974-Ongoing (2023)
11. Habitat Protection 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat 1935-Ongoing (2023)
11.6. Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas Fifty (50) missing, broken and defaced boundary pillars replaced (out of a total of 115 boundary pillar points identified) to properly demarcate and delineate the park from fringe farms and prevent encroachment into the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 2020
Other Enrichment planting has been carried out with some different kinds of indigenous tree species in some degraded portions of the Resource Reserve. The entire Bia Conservation Area boundary has been planted with indigenous tree species to prevent encroachment into the Park (Ofori-Amanfo pers. obs. 2023, Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 2018-2022
12. Species Management Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development) Tropenbos Ghana, UNESCO, NCRC, and SNV Ghana support income generating activities such as beekeeping and honey processing, palm oil processing, soap production, snail farming, and mushroom cultivation (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1993-Ongoing (2023)
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development) Provision of school and other infrastructural development (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1974-Ongoing (2023)
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives 13.1. Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. REDD, employment) The park has been employing community people around the park as staff since the park was established in 1974 up till now. In the last 5 years the park has employed about 10 people in communities surrounding the park (Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023). 1974-Ongoing (2023)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

The Ghana Wildlife Division has few staff and resources to conduct effective and regular anti-poaching activities within and around the protected area. Inadequate staff, field equipment, vehicles etc. hinder effective protection of the chimpanzees.

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bia Conservation Area

Challenge Source
Lack of logistical means Danquah, E. pers. observation 2022
Lack of funding Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
Lack of staff Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
Lack of infrastructure maintenance Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
Lack of research to know animal numbers and reliable resource data Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
Outdated management plan Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023
Inaccessible internal roads within the park to improve internal patrols and tourism Quansah P. K., pers. comm. 2023

Research activities

Bia Conservation Area is part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bia Conservation Area

Behavior Source
Not reported

External links

References


Cite as: Danquah, E., Ofori-Amanfo, R. & Papa Kwaw Quansah (2023) Bia Conservation Area. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Bia_Conservation_Area Page completed by: Emmanuel Danquah, Richard Ofori-Amanfo & Papa Kwaw Quansah Date: 17/11/2023

Retrieved from "https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php?title=Bia_Conservation_Area&oldid=7424"