Difference between revisions of "Dindefelo"

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    rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_SEN_Dindefelo_WGS84.png | 400px | thumb| right | Dindefelo (Senegal) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
 
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[[West Africa]] > [[Senegal]] > [[Dindefelo]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Senegal]] > [[Dindefelo]]
  
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= Summary =  <!-- An overview of the site, with a one sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Dindefelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Dindefelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Dindefelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Dindefelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Dindefelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<div style="float: right">
 
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
 
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|12.373904, -12.325576~[[Dindefelo]]~Western Chimpanzee
 
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}}
 
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</div>
 
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* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Dindefelo.  
 
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* The population size is unknown.  
 
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* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  
 
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* This site has a total size of 133 km².
 
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* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation.
 
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* Conservation interventions focus on fostering a sustainable use of natural resources and reducing conflicts between humans and chimpanzees.
 
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* Dindefelo is a Community Nature Reserve managed by local communities to foster a sustainable use of natural resources while protecting flora and fauna.
 
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[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_baobab_Dindefelo_Team_small.png | 400px | thumb| right |Party of Dindefelo chimpanzees in a Baobab tree © Dindefelo team]]
 
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
 
  
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Dindefelo (also called Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo) is located in Kédougou department in southeastern Senegal, close to the border with Guinea. Since 2009, the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] conducts conservation activities and a chimpanzee biomonitoring program in the reserve. The Community Nature Reserve was created by the Rural Council in Dindefelo in 2010 with the support from the JGI Spain (Pacheco et al. 2012). The reserve is managed by local communities to foster a sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of flora and fauna, particularly chimpanzees. The JGI Spain provides technical assistance. In 2014, the JGI Spain established a permanent biological station (Dindefelo Biological Station) to conduct research, and implement conservation and education activities.
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__TOC__
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The habitat is a sudano-guinean savanna woodland mosaic composed of open (woodland, grassland, shrubland and bamboo) and closed (evergreen gallery forest and dense forest) vegetation types (Pacheco et al. 2012, Enthoven et al. 2017). There are also some agricultural areas and degraded gallery forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). The climate is extremely seasonal, with a dry season lasting seven months. There are seven villages within and ten villages surrounding the reserve that include different ethnic groups (Peul, Bassari and Diakhanke). The highest waterfall in Senegal is located in the reserve, which attracts thousands of national and international tourists every year (Camon et al. in press). Five primate species are present in the reserve: western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), lesser bushbaby (''Galago senegalensis''), and Guinea baboon (''Papio papio'', Ramon 2017).
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= Summary =
 +
 
 +
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|12.377328, -12.326048~[[Dindefelo]]~'Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
 +
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Dindefelo.
 +
* The population size is unknown.
 +
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
 +
* This site has a total size of 140 km².
 +
* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation.
 +
* Conservation interventions by the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal focus on promoting the development of the local human communities and sustainable utilisation of natural resources while reducing negative interactions between humans and chimpanzees in the Kedougou region, mainly in the Commune of Dindefelo, but also in other communes.
 +
* Dindefelo is a Community Nature Reserve managed by the local authorities. It was created in 2010 with the support of JGI Spain in Senegal to foster sustainable development of the local community while protecting flora and fauna.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_baobab_Dindefelo_Team_small.png | 400px | thumb| right |Party of Dindefelo chimpanzees in a Baobab tree © JGI Spain in Senegal]]
 +
= Site characteristics =
 +
 
 +
Dindefelo (officially called Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo or Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve) is located in the Kedougou department in southeastern Senegal, along the border with Guinea. Since 2009, the ([Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/conservation-chimpanzee)] has conducted research and conservation activities, and a chimpanzee biomonitoring program in the area. The Community Nature Reserve was created by the Rural Council of Dindefelo in 2010 with the support of the JGI Spain in Senegal (Pacheco et al. 2012). The reserve is managed by the Mayor of Dindefelo and representatives of the local communities, with the declared goal of fostering a sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of flora and fauna, particularly chimpanzees. The JGI Spain in Senegal has provided technical assistance to the reserve since its creation. In 2014, the JGI Spain established a permanent biological station (the Dindefelo Biological Station) to conduct research, and implement conservation and education activities. The habitat is a Sudano-Guinean savanna woodland mosaic composed of open (woodland, grassland, shrubland and bamboo) and closed (evergreen gallery forest and dense forest) vegetation types (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024). There are also some agricultural areas and degraded gallery forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). The climate is extremely seasonal, with a dry season lasting seven months. There are six villages and hamlets within and eight surrounding the reserve, where different ethnic groups are present. The majority of people belong to the Peulh and Malinke and the remaining to the Bassari, Bedik, Djallounke and Coniagui. The highest waterfall in Senegal is located in the reserve, which attracts thousands of national and international tourists every year (Camon et al. 2020). Five non-human primate species are present in the reserve: western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), lesser bushbaby (''Galago senegalensis'') and Guinea baboon (''Papio papio'') (Dotras et al. 2024). In addition, there have been rare sightings of King colobus (''Colobus polykomos'': Dotras et al. 2022) and Campbell’s monkey (''Cercopithecus campbelli'': Mirghani et al. 2024).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Dindefelo'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Dindefelo'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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|Area             <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->
+
|Species
−
|133 km²
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|'Pan troglodytes verus''
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 +
|140 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
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|12.373904, -12.325576
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|Lat: 12.377328 , Lon:  -12.326048
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->
+
|Type of site
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|Community Nature Reserve
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|Non-protected area (Community Forest)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types   <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
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|Dry savanna, subtropical/tropical dry shrubland, subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical dry lowland grassland, arable land, permanent rivers; seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers, streams, creeks; dry caves
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|Savanna, Shrubland, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Grassland, Agricultural land, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]
 
  
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= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
 
 +
= Ape status =
  
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A survey of southeastern Senegal established the presence of chimpanzees in what is now the reserve (Pruetz et al. 2002). Since the onset of conservation activities implemented by the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] chimpanzees are monitored regularly. As part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]) a systematic survey was implemented and chimpanzee density has been estimated at 0.13 indiv/km² (Wessling et al. in review). An estimate of the population size has not been published, but a minimum of 52 individual chimpanzees have been identified by direct observation and photographs from camera traps (JGI Spain, unpublished data).
+
A survey of southeastern Senegal established the presence of chimpanzees in what is now the reserve (Pruetz et al. 2002). Since the onset of research and conservation activities implemented by the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/research) chimpanzees are monitored regularly. As part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/)), a systematic survey was implemented and chimpanzee density has been estimated at 0.13 indiv/km² (Wessling et al. 2020). An estimate of the population size has not been published, but a minimum of 53 individual chimpanzees living in two different communities have been identified by direct observation and footage from camera traps since 2017 (Dotras et al. 2024).
  
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'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Dindefelo'''
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Dindefelo'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Occurrence
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Area
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Method
+
!Survey area
−
! Source
+
!Sampling method
−
! Comments
+
!Analytical framework
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!Source
 +
!Comments
 +
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|2000
 
|2000
 +
|Present
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|Present
 
 
|Dindefelo
 
|Dindefelo
−
|Index survey
+
|Reconnaissance walk
 +
|
 
|Pruetz et al. 2002
 
|Pruetz et al. 2002
 
|
 
|
Line 76: Line 77:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−
|2014
+
|2017
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|0.13
 
|0.13
 
|
 
|
 
|Dindefelo
 
|Dindefelo
−
|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
−
|Wessling et al. in review
+
|
 +
|Wessling et al. 2020
 
|Total survey effort: 73.8 km
 
|Total survey effort: 73.8 km
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
  
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= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
 
  
−
The main threats to chimpanzees include the clearing of vegetation for agriculture, fires and pollution of water sources (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017, Enthoven et al. 2017). Local people extract the following resources: wood (including several tree species used by the chimpanzees for nesting: Enthoven et al. 2017), firewood, food (e.g. ''Saba senegalensis'' fruit: Ramon et al. 2017), and medicine (e.g. ''Spondias mombin'': JGI Spain unpublished data). Due to lack of other options, watercourses are used for washing and washing clothes. This causes the pollution of watercourses, as plastic littering and old clothes are thrown away (posing a risk of ingestion by wildlife, Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017) and human waste is disposed in the water. Overtapping of palm trees has also been reported (Pacheco et al. 2012). A further concern is the competition between chimpanzees and humans for water during the dry season (JGI Spain, unpublished data). Small scale, artisanal gold mining was observed in 2015 in the buffer area of the reserve, but is currently absent. No evidence of chimpanzee hunting has been found during the JGI Spain presence at the site (last 10 years).
+
= Threats =
 +
 
 +
The main threats to chimpanzees include the clearing of vegetation for agriculture, uncontrolled bushfires and pollution of water sources (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017, Dotras et al. 2024). Local people extract the following resources, which include several plant species used by the chimpanzees for food and for nesting: wood (e.g. ''Cordyla pinnata''), charcoal (e.g. ''Piliostigma thonningii''), food (e.g. ''Saba senegalensis'' fruit), and medicine (e.g. ''Pterocarpus erinaceus'' bark) (Enthoven et al. 2017, Ramon et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022; Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2023; JGI Spain in Senegal unpublished data). The people also collect dead branches to use as firewood.  Due to lack of other options, watercourses are used for bathing and washing clothes and dishes. This causes the pollution of watercourses, as plastic littering and old clothes are thrown away (posing a risk of ingestion by wildlife: Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017) and soap along with human waste remain in the water. Overtapping of palm trees has also been reported (Pacheco et al. 2012).Further concerns are potential negative interactions between humans and chimpanzees due to competition for water sources during the dry season as well as crop feeding and consumption of honey from artificial beehives by the apes (Dotras et al. 2024). Small scale, artisanal gold mining was observed in 2015 in the buffer area of the reserve and in 2020 inside the reserve, but it is currently absent. No evidence of chimpanzee hunting has been found through all the years the JGI Spain in Senegal has been in the area.
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Dindefelo'''
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Dindefelo'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
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!Category
−
!Specific threats   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level       <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->
+
!Description
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat     <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
 
−
|-
 
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
 
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
 
−
|High
 
−
|Approx. 8,000 inhabitants in 770 villages (as of 2012)
 
−
|Villages and hamlets (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
−
|Ongoing (2012)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
−
|1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
+
|Absent
−
|Medium
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Localized area around visitor centre and pathways leading to the waterfall (Camon et al. in press)
 
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
−
|-
 
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
 
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|2.1 Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops
 
−
|High
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Agricultural activities (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
−
|Ongoing (2012)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
+
|1.1 Residential areas
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Villages and hamlets (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024). New houses are being built across the limit of the reserve in Dindefelo village.
−
|Livestock grazing
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
−
|Ongoing
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
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|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
−
|
+
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
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|Not reported
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Agricultural activities (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024).
−
|Artisanal gold mining signs encountered in 2015, but stopped now
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
−
|2015
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
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|4.1 Roads & railroads
+
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
−
|Low
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Livestock grazing.
−
|Roads
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
−
|Ongoing
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
−
|Medium
 
−
|
 
−
|Hunting of wildlife (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
−
|Ongoing (2012)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|3 Energy production & mining
−
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
+
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
−
|Medium
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Prospection for artisanal gold mining signs encountered in 2015 and 2020, but not since 2021.
−
|Gathering fruits, plant products for medicine and feed for livestock (the latter during dry-season)
+
|2015, 2020-2021
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
−
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
+
|4.2 Utility & service lines
−
|Medium
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|In 2021-2022, a high-tension power line was built by the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie (OMVG) across the reserve, with deforestation along the line.
−
|Cutting of trees for building and firewood (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017)
+
|2021-2022
−
|Ongoing (2017)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6.1 Recreational activities
 
|6.1 Recreational activities
−
|Medium
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|Thousands of tourists visit the waterfall every year, with the possibility of converging with the chimpanzees (Camon et al. 2020). Human waste, leftovers and littering in the gallery forest of the waterfall are common sights. Large groups arrive without control. Regulations should be enforced. The situation will likely get worse after the new paved road from Kedougou to Dindefelo is completed, as well as the Segou-Lougue road.
−
|Thousands of tourists visit the waterfall every year, converging with the chimpanzees (Camon et al. in press)
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
 
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Fire used to clear areas for agriculture (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
|Fire used to clear areas for agriculture (Pacheco et al. 2012)
−
|Ongoing (2012)
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|7 Natural system modifications
−
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
+
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
−
|Low
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
+
|The OMVG Energy Project also includes the construction of a dam (Sambangalou) on the Gambia river, on the eastern border of the reserve, which will flood about 920ha of the reserve.
−
|Dogs
+
|Ongoing (2023)
−
|Ongoing (2019)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
 
|9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
−
|High
+
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Pollution of watercourses from washing and human waste (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
|Pollution of watercourses from washing and human waste (Pacheco et al. 2012)
−
|Ongoing (2012)
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 +
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
 +
|Geological studies have been carried out by the University of Huelva (Spain) and the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar in order to create a “geopark”. There have been sporadic rock falls in the waterfall area, where tourists go, and land-slides in burnt slopes.
 +
|Ongoing (2023)
 +
|-
 +
|1 Residential & commercial development
 +
|1.3 Tourism & recreation areas
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Localized area around visitor centre and pathways leading to the waterfall (Camon et al. 2020, Dotras et al. 2024).
 +
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 +
|4.1 Roads & railroads
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|New informal road created between Segou and Affia villages goes through critical chimpanzee habitat. In 2023, the improvement (widening and asphalting) of the Dindefelo-Kedougou road and the Segou-Lougue (Guinea) through Badiari road began.
 +
|2023-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Hunting of wildlife (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024).
 +
|2012-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Chimpanzee crop feeding on mango (''Mangifera indica'') and baobab (''Adansonia digitata'') guarded by humans occurs in the reserve. In 2023, a male chimpanzee was harassed with dogs and stones while feeding on fruits in a mango orchard (Dotras et al. 2024). Other potential sources of negative interactions are water sources in the dry season and artificial beehives.
 +
|2021-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Gathering fruits (Ramon et al. 2017, Dotras et al. 2024) and plant products for medicine and to feed livestock (the latter during the dry season).
 +
|2017-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|5 Biological resource use
 +
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Cutting of trees for building and firewood (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017).
 +
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 +
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
 +
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
 +
|Presence of dogs. Nature observation trekking in chimpanzee habitat pose safety and security risks, including zoonoses, for tourists and animals if the established protocols are not firmly applied.
 +
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|9 Pollution
 
|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
 
|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
−
|Medium
+
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
−
|
 
 
|Disposal of plastics and clothes (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
|Disposal of plastics and clothes (Pacheco et al. 2012)
−
|Ongoing (2012)
+
|2009-Ongoing (2024)
−
|-
 
−
|10. Geological Events
 
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
−
|
 
−
|Unknown
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Present (unknown severity)
 
|Suspected, but data not available
 
|Suspected, but data not available
−
|
+
|Ongoing (2024)
−
|-
 
−
|12. Other options
 
−
|
 
−
|Absent
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
  
−
Since 2009, the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] conducts conservation activities in Dindefelo by promoting reforestation and the farming of crops fostering food security, and by providing training, employment and environmental education.
+
= Conservation activities =
−
In 2010 a Community Nature Reserve was established by the Rural Council in Dindefelo (Pacheco et al. 2012). With the support from the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] and the USAID/ Wula Nafaa program a management plan was drawn regulating the management of the area from 2012-2016 (RNCD 2011). This included the demarcation of three zones: high, medium and low level protection of chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012).
 
−
To foster a more sustainable use of natural resources, the JGI Spain established and manages tree nurseries of crop species for food security. Another conservation project works with farmers to build so-called ‘live fences’, meaning fences around agricultural plots made from living plants. Fruits and seeds produced by these plants can be consumed or sold, reducing pressure on forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). In addition, to alleviate competition for water sources between chimpanzees and humans, the JGI Spain constructed water wells in some villages. The JGI Spain also trains local people as eco-guards and is developing a pilot chimpanzee tracking project to promote ecotourism as a sustainable development tool. Finally, the JGI Spain also established tree nurseries to grow indigenous species, including chimpanzee food species, to plant in areas used by the chimpanzees and to reforest buffer zones.
 
−
Past activities implemented by the JGI Spain that were discontinued include a community managed tree plantation for ''Saba senegalensis'' (a fruit sought after by people esp. in the dry season and sold to national markets) established in 2012 in collaboration with the University of Alicante, the University Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar, and the USAID/Wula Nafaa program (Pacheco et al. 2012). The plant nurseries were managed by local committees and thus sustainable harvesting of this fruit was promoted. In addition, a municipal washing facility was established in one of the villages to provide washing opportunities within the village, while reducing water pollution and preventing conflicts between chimpanzees and humans at water points (Pacheco et al. 2012). The washing facilities were used for a rather limited amount of time and then abandoned for cultural reasons.
 
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Dindefelo'''
+
Since 2009, the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station) conducts conservation activities at Dindefelo by promoting reforestation, fire control, food security and resilience to climate change projects, by monitoring chimpanzees and other wildlife, by providing training and employment, and by carrying out environmental education and sensitization actions. In 2010, a Community Nature Reserve was established by the Rural Council in Dindefelo (Pacheco et al. 2012). With the support of the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal and the USAID/ Wula Nafaa program, a management plan was drawn in 2011 to regulate the management of the area from 2012-2016. This plan included the delimitation of three types of zones: high, medium and low-level protection for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012). Such zonation was updated for the 2021-2026 DCNR management plan in 2021, working along local authorities and the community. To foster a more sustainable use of natural resources, the JGI Spain in Senegal established and manages tree nurseries of species used for reforestation, creation of buffer zones and food security projects. Another conservation project was carried out to build so-called ‘live fences’, meaning fences around agricultural plots made from living plants, reducing pressure on forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). In addition, to alleviate competition for water sources between chimpanzees and humans, the JGI Spain in Senegal constructed or repaired water wells in several villages, a school and washing facilities. The JGI Spain in Senegal has also trained local people as eco guards and forest monitors of the reserve, equipped them and financed staff salaries for 15 months (2020-2021). In 2013, the JGI Spain in Senegal helped the reserve to regulate ecotourism based on chimpanzee tracking, creating safety and security protocols. This activity was stopped at the onset of the Covid 19 pandemic. When it was proposed by the authorities to resume it in 2021, the JGI Spain in Senegal advised against it. At their insistence, a stricter safety and hygiene protocol was proposed but JGIS staff is no longer involved in this activity. The JGI Spain in Senegal is currently implementing a project to build community resilience to climate change (Building Community Resilience, hereafter BCR project) in 21 villages of four communes. With the support of Global Affairs Canada, this project includes: 1) the creation of cooperatives (Groupement d'intérêt économique in French, GIE), mostly composed of women, and their training in the management of such cooperatives, 2) providing training and equipment for the production of bio charcoal, 3) the mechanical processing of a local, drought-resistant cereal called fonio millet (''Digitaria exilis'') for consumption or sale, and 4) the creation of eight tree nurseries for the production and planting of wild and domestic trees commonly exploited by people. Past activities implemented by the JGI Spain in Senegal that were discontinued include a community managed tree plantation for ''Saba senegalensis'' (a fruit sought after by people, especially in the dry season, and sold to national markets) established in 2012 (Pacheco et al. 2012). The plant nurseries were managed by local committees and thus sustainable harvesting of this fruit was promoted. In addition, a municipal washing facility was established in one of the villages to provide washing opportunities within the village, while reducing water pollution and preventing interactions between chimpanzees and humans at water points (Pacheco et al. 2012). The washing facility was used for a rather limited amount of time and then abandoned for cultural and practical reasons. Currently, the JGI Spain in Senegal implements rigorous monitoring and evaluation protocols to carry out its conservation and sustainable development projects centered in the community and to ensure their continuity over time.
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Dindefelo'''
−
!Specific activity   <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!Description         <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+
!Category
−
!Year of activity         <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+
!Specific activity
 +
!Description
 +
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Development impact mitigation
−
|Absent
+
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
−
|
+
|Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity. BCR project (2021-2024): 1) Provision of fonio millet seeds to 455 women in nine villages, as well as training and equipment for the processing, production and dehulling of fonio millet by 15 official women cooperatives (975 people); 2) Sensitization, training and equipment for the production, use and sale of biocharcoal made with straw, by 11 cooperatives (766 people); 3) Construction of eight tree-nurseries with a well each; and 4) Construction of 3,200 energy-saving adobe stoves.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2012-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
 +
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
 +
|Training of ecoguards, manager and other reserve staff.
 +
|Jane Goodall Insititute
 +
|2020-2021
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
+
|2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols
−
|Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity
+
|Equipment and funding of ecoguards.
−
|Since 2012
+
|Jane Goodall Insititute
 +
|2020-2021
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Species health
−
|Absent
+
|3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities
 +
|Covid-19 prevention campaign, with sensitization and distribution of chlorine and soap to 12 villages, as well as facemasks and hand-washing stations in Dindefelo.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2020.0
 +
|-
 +
|3 Species health
 +
|3.14 Reduce garbage/human food waste to avoid ape injuries and disease transmission
 +
|Establish municipal washing facility to avoid garbage being left close to watercourses (Pacheco et al. 2012); the Yaakar Africa association created and financed a garbage collection and management plan using domestic and public containers.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2012-Ongoing (2023)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|3 Species health
−
|Absent
+
|3.14 Reduce garbage/human food waste to avoid ape injuries and disease transmission
 +
|Sensitization campaigns and collection of batteries and clean-up events by youth groups.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2016-2019
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|The Roots & Shoots program carried out with local students includes activities of biodiversity and conservation education, and prevention of human-wildlife negative interactions in several villages.
 +
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|2012-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Interviews on human-chimpanzee interactions have been conducted in several villages (2022). Sensitization workshops in various villages with local authorities and different members of the community to foster a sustainable human-chimpanzee coexistence (2023-2024).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2022-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|Absent
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 +
|Annual camps for about 100 children from different villages within and around the reserve took place from 2016 to 2019.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2016-2019
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
 +
|Conservation workshops involving authorities and main stakeholders in the community (2017, 2019 and 2020).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2017, 2019, 2020
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|Absent
+
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
 +
|Community Nature Reserve created by local communities (Pacheco et al. 2012).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2010-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|4 Education & awareness
 +
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 +
|Environmental cinema sessions in four villages. Sensitization on the sustainable management of natural resources and on chimpanzee conservation in 12 villages, with distribution of equipment to fight bush-fires.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2017-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|Absent
+
|5.3 Establish areas for conservation which are not protected by national or international legislation (e.g., private sector standards & codes)
 +
|Establishment of the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (Pacheco et al. 2012), with Management Plan updated in 2021.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2010, 2021
 +
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.4 Create natural habitat patches (including corridors)
 +
|Establishment of zones strictly protected for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012). Firebreaks made in risk areas used by the chimpanzees. Workshops on the prevention and control of bush-fires were carried out for 12 local committees, which were equipped to fight fires (2021).
 
|
 
|
 +
|2012-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|5 Protection & restoration
−
|Absent
+
|5.6 Habitat restoration
−
|
+
|Tree nurseries, planting indigenous tree species in areas used by chimpanzees, reforest buffer zones.
 
|
 
|
 +
|2016-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 +
|7 Economic & other incentives
 +
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
 +
|Permanent job positions created for research and agroforestry assistants, guardians and other staff. Temporary positions created for local workers involved in agroforestry activities and firebreak construction. Additionally, support of the local economy by purchasing services and materials, including thousands of biodegradable tree protectors.
 +
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|2013-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|7 Economic & other incentives
−
|9.1. Reduce garbage/solid waste to avoid primate injuries
+
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
−
|Establish municipal washing facility to avoid garbage being left close to watercourses (Pacheco et al. 2012)
+
|Activities have included the construction of water wells, training for farmers, especially groups of women, tourist guides, and owners of camp sites.
−
|2012
+
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|2013-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|8 Permanent presence
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
+
|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
−
|Roots&Shoots program, includes weekly activities and annual camps for about 100 children from different villages within and surrounding the reserve
+
|Biological station established by the JGI Spain.
−
|Since 2012
+
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|2014-Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|8 Permanent presence
 +
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 +
|Ecotourism project with chimpanzee tracking.
 
|
 
|
−
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
+
|2013-2021
−
|Community Nature Reserve created by local communities (Pacheco et al. 2012)
 
−
|Since 2010
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|8 Permanent presence
 +
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 +
|Ecotourism project without chimpanzee tracking, supported by University of Huelva, a partner of JGI Spain.
 
|
 
|
−
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
+
|2021-Ongoing (2024)
−
|Environmental cinema sessions in different villages
+
|-
 +
|8 Permanent presence
 +
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
 +
|Staff permanently present at biological station.
 +
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|2014-Ongoing (2024)
 +
|-
 
|
 
|
 +
|Other
 +
|Sharing ecological data to environmental consulting firms without expertise in great apes, trying to avoid and mitigate the impacts of infrastructure development on key areas for chimpanzees.
 +
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|
−
|11.3. Establish areas for conservation which are not protected by national or international legislation (e.g. private sector standards & codes)  
+
|Other
−
|Establishment of Community Nature Reserve (Pacheco et al. 2012)
+
|Technical advice to local authorities and consultants on OMVG high-tension power line on compensation measures and sensitization of affected local human populations to mitigate potential negative interactions with chimpanzees.
−
|Since 2010
+
|Jane Goodall Institute
 +
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 
 +
NA
 +
 
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Dindefelo'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|11.5. Create/protect forest patches in highly fragmented landscapes
+
|}
−
|Establishment of zones strictly protected for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012)
+
 
−
|Since 2012
+
 
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 
 +
NA
 +
 
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Dindefelo'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|1 Site management
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas
 
−
|Tree nurseries, planting indigenous tree species in areas used by chimpanzees, reforest buffer zones
 
−
|Since 2016
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Absent
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
+
|3.2 Local taboos in favor of conservation
−
|Water well construction
+
|Dotras et al. 2024
−
|Since 2013
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
−
|Biological station established by the JGI Spain (JGI Spain 2019)
 
−
|Since 2014
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Ecological context
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
 
−
|Ecotourism project
 
−
|Since 2013
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|6 Safety and stability
 +
|
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
 
−
|Staff permanently present at biological station (JGI Spain 2019)
 
−
|Since 2014
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
 
  
−
Main problems for chimpanzee conservation are human population growth, agricultural expansion and lack of water. Since chimpanzees regularly cross the border between Senegal and Guinea, the two countries need to work together to help towards the conservation of these apes.
+
= Research activities =
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Dindefelo'''
+
Studies conducted in Dindefelo have considered overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential negative interactions between the two species (Ramon et al. 2017, Arias et al. 2017, Dotras et al. 2024). Other research currently going on in Dindefelo focuses on chimpanzee tool and proto-tool use (Galán-Plana et al. 2022; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2023, 2024), chimpanzee nesting behaviour (Enthoven et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022), chimpanzee dietary diversity (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2023) chimpanzee body size variability (Cardoso et al. 2022), presence of other primates in the reserve (Dotras et al. 2022; Mirghani et al. 2024) and of large and medium mammal species in the reserve (Mirghani et al. 2023a, JIG Spain unpublished data). One study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019). Other studies have reported the presence of nematodes (Laidoudi et al. 2020) in Dindefelo chimpanzees, adenovirus and parasitic infections in human and non-human primates in Africa including Dindefelo chimpanzees (Medkour et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2021), and multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Baron et al. 2021; Abdallah et al. 2022). In addition, a molecular characterization of intestinal and blood parasites was conducted for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Köster et al. 2021). Recently, the presence of ''Treponema pallidum'' was reported for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Sereme et al. 2024). Dindefelo is also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg. de/)). Soil studies and training to improve crop productivity have also been carried out with the University Miguel Hernández, Spain.
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of transboundary cooperation
 
−
|
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+
[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_termite_fishing_Dindefelo_Team.png | 500px | thumb| right |Female fishing for termites and young in Dindefelo, Senegal © JGI Spain in Senegal]]
−
[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_termite_fishing_Dindefelo_Team.png | 400px | thumb| right |Female fishing for termites and young in Dindefelo, Senegal © Dindefelo team]]
+
= Documented behaviours =
−
Studies conducted in Dindefelo have mainly focused on overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential conflicts (Ramon 2017, Arias et al. 2017). Dindefelo was also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]). Another study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019).
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
NA
  
−
'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Dindefelo'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Dindefelo'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
!Behavior
−
!Source   <!-- source for behavior -->
+
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Algae fishing
 
|Algae fishing
Line 367: Line 458:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Ant dipping
 
|Ant dipping
−
|Kühl et al. 2019
+
|Kühl et al. 2019; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2022, 2023, 2024
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Ant eating
 
|Ant eating
Line 376: Line 467:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Cave use
 
|Cave use
−
|Kühl et al. 2019
+
|Kühl et al. 2019, Marcos Nistal et al. 2022
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Termite eating
 
|Termite eating
Line 382: Line 473:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Termite fishing
 
|Termite fishing
−
|Kühl et al. 2019
+
|Kühl et al. 2019; Boesch et al. 2020
 +
|-
 +
|Baobab pounding
 +
|Galán-Plana et al. 2022
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
 +
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 +
NA
 +
 +
 +
 +
= External links =
 +
 +
NA
 +
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 +
NA
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Arias M et al. 2017. Local perceptions on conservation of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo, Southeast of Senegal. Preprint<br>
 
−
Camon L et al. in press. Tourist and local people use of a savanna chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) habitat in Dindefelo, Senegal. Folia Primatologica.<br>
 
−
Enthoven D et al. 2017. Nesting patterns of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a savannah habitat, Dindefelo, Senegal. Folia Primatologica 88:114.<br>
 
−
JGI Spain. 2019. Dindéfélo Biological Station: JGI’s headquarters in Senegal. Online: [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station www.janegoodallsenegal.org]<br>
 
−
Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455.<br>
 
−
Pacheco L et al. 2012. Perspectives on sustainable resource conservation in community nature reserves: a case study from Senegal. Sustainability 4:3158-3179<br>
 
−
Pruetz JD et al. 2002. Survey of savannah chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in south-eastern Sénégal. American Journal of Primatology 58: 35–43.<br>
 
−
Ramon M et al. 2017. The fruit of discord? Saba senegalensis use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and local people in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (RNCD), Southeastern Senegal. Folia Primatologica 88:167-168.<br>
 
−
Renelies-Hamilton J et al. 2019. Exploring interactions between Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides spp. and the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees in Senegal. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 74:104010<br>
 
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RNCD 2011. Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo, 1st ed.; Institut Jane Goodall Espagne et Programme USAID/Wula Nafaa: Dindéfélo, Senegal.<br>
 
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Wessling EG et al. in review. Chimpanzee (Pan trodglodytes verus) density and environmental gradients at their biogeographical range edge. Int J Primatol.<br>
 
  
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Latest revision as of 09:50, 18 March 2025

West Africa > Senegal > Dindefelo

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Summary

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  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Dindefelo.
  • The population size is unknown.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
  • This site has a total size of 140 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation.
  • Conservation interventions by the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal focus on promoting the development of the local human communities and sustainable utilisation of natural resources while reducing negative interactions between humans and chimpanzees in the Kedougou region, mainly in the Commune of Dindefelo, but also in other communes.
  • Dindefelo is a Community Nature Reserve managed by the local authorities. It was created in 2010 with the support of JGI Spain in Senegal to foster sustainable development of the local community while protecting flora and fauna.


Party of Dindefelo chimpanzees in a Baobab tree © JGI Spain in Senegal

Site characteristics

Dindefelo (officially called Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo or Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve) is located in the Kedougou department in southeastern Senegal, along the border with Guinea. Since 2009, the ([Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/conservation-chimpanzee)] has conducted research and conservation activities, and a chimpanzee biomonitoring program in the area. The Community Nature Reserve was created by the Rural Council of Dindefelo in 2010 with the support of the JGI Spain in Senegal (Pacheco et al. 2012). The reserve is managed by the Mayor of Dindefelo and representatives of the local communities, with the declared goal of fostering a sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of flora and fauna, particularly chimpanzees. The JGI Spain in Senegal has provided technical assistance to the reserve since its creation. In 2014, the JGI Spain established a permanent biological station (the Dindefelo Biological Station) to conduct research, and implement conservation and education activities. The habitat is a Sudano-Guinean savanna woodland mosaic composed of open (woodland, grassland, shrubland and bamboo) and closed (evergreen gallery forest and dense forest) vegetation types (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024). There are also some agricultural areas and degraded gallery forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). The climate is extremely seasonal, with a dry season lasting seven months. There are six villages and hamlets within and eight surrounding the reserve, where different ethnic groups are present. The majority of people belong to the Peulh and Malinke and the remaining to the Bassari, Bedik, Djallounke and Coniagui. The highest waterfall in Senegal is located in the reserve, which attracts thousands of national and international tourists every year (Camon et al. 2020). Five non-human primate species are present in the reserve: western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas), lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and Guinea baboon (Papio papio) (Dotras et al. 2024). In addition, there have been rare sightings of King colobus (Colobus polykomos: Dotras et al. 2022) and Campbell’s monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli: Mirghani et al. 2024).

Table 1. Basic site information for Dindefelo

Species 'Pan troglodytes verus
Area 140 km²
Coordinates Lat: 12.377328 , Lon: -12.326048
Type of site Non-protected area (Community Forest)
Habitat types Savanna, Shrubland, Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Grassland, Agricultural land, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

A survey of southeastern Senegal established the presence of chimpanzees in what is now the reserve (Pruetz et al. 2002). Since the onset of research and conservation activities implemented by the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/research) chimpanzees are monitored regularly. As part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/)), a systematic survey was implemented and chimpanzee density has been estimated at 0.13 indiv/km² (Wessling et al. 2020). An estimate of the population size has not been published, but a minimum of 53 individual chimpanzees living in two different communities have been identified by direct observation and footage from camera traps since 2017 (Dotras et al. 2024).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Dindefelo

Species Year Occurrence Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Abundance estimate (95% CI) Survey area Sampling method Analytical framework Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2000 Present Dindefelo Reconnaissance walk Pruetz et al. 2002
Pan troglodytes verus 2017 0.13 Dindefelo Line transects Wessling et al. 2020 Total survey effort: 73.8 km


Threats

The main threats to chimpanzees include the clearing of vegetation for agriculture, uncontrolled bushfires and pollution of water sources (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017, Dotras et al. 2024). Local people extract the following resources, which include several plant species used by the chimpanzees for food and for nesting: wood (e.g. Cordyla pinnata), charcoal (e.g. Piliostigma thonningii), food (e.g. Saba senegalensis fruit), and medicine (e.g. Pterocarpus erinaceus bark) (Enthoven et al. 2017, Ramon et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022; Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2023; JGI Spain in Senegal unpublished data). The people also collect dead branches to use as firewood. Due to lack of other options, watercourses are used for bathing and washing clothes and dishes. This causes the pollution of watercourses, as plastic littering and old clothes are thrown away (posing a risk of ingestion by wildlife: Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017) and soap along with human waste remain in the water. Overtapping of palm trees has also been reported (Pacheco et al. 2012).Further concerns are potential negative interactions between humans and chimpanzees due to competition for water sources during the dry season as well as crop feeding and consumption of honey from artificial beehives by the apes (Dotras et al. 2024). Small scale, artisanal gold mining was observed in 2015 in the buffer area of the reserve and in 2020 inside the reserve, but it is currently absent. No evidence of chimpanzee hunting has been found through all the years the JGI Spain in Senegal has been in the area.

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Dindefelo

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
12 Other threat Absent
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas High (more than 70% of population affected) Villages and hamlets (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024). New houses are being built across the limit of the reserve in Dindefelo village. 2009-Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High (more than 70% of population affected) Agricultural activities (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024). 2009-Ongoing (2024)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.3 Livestock farming & ranching High (more than 70% of population affected) Livestock grazing. 2009-Ongoing (2024)
3 Energy production & mining 3.2 Mining & quarrying High (more than 70% of population affected) Prospection for artisanal gold mining signs encountered in 2015 and 2020, but not since 2021. 2015, 2020-2021
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.2 Utility & service lines High (more than 70% of population affected) In 2021-2022, a high-tension power line was built by the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie (OMVG) across the reserve, with deforestation along the line. 2021-2022
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.1 Recreational activities High (more than 70% of population affected) Thousands of tourists visit the waterfall every year, with the possibility of converging with the chimpanzees (Camon et al. 2020). Human waste, leftovers and littering in the gallery forest of the waterfall are common sights. Large groups arrive without control. Regulations should be enforced. The situation will likely get worse after the new paved road from Kedougou to Dindefelo is completed, as well as the Segou-Lougue road. 2009-Ongoing (2024)
7 Natural system modifications 7.1 Fire & fire suppression High (more than 70% of population affected) Fire used to clear areas for agriculture (Pacheco et al. 2012) 2009-Ongoing (2024)
7 Natural system modifications 7.2 Dams & water management/use High (more than 70% of population affected) The OMVG Energy Project also includes the construction of a dam (Sambangalou) on the Gambia river, on the eastern border of the reserve, which will flood about 920ha of the reserve. Ongoing (2023)
9 Pollution 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water High (more than 70% of population affected) Pollution of watercourses from washing and human waste (Pacheco et al. 2012) 2009-Ongoing (2024)
10 Geological events Low (up to 30% of population affected) Geological studies have been carried out by the University of Huelva (Spain) and the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar in order to create a “geopark”. There have been sporadic rock falls in the waterfall area, where tourists go, and land-slides in burnt slopes. Ongoing (2023)
1 Residential & commercial development 1.3 Tourism & recreation areas Medium (30-70% of population affected) Localized area around visitor centre and pathways leading to the waterfall (Camon et al. 2020, Dotras et al. 2024). 2009-Ongoing (2024)
4 Transportation & service corridors 4.1 Roads & railroads Medium (30-70% of population affected) New informal road created between Segou and Affia villages goes through critical chimpanzee habitat. In 2023, the improvement (widening and asphalting) of the Dindefelo-Kedougou road and the Segou-Lougue (Guinea) through Badiari road began. 2023-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Medium (30-70% of population affected) Hunting of wildlife (Pacheco et al. 2012, Dotras et al. 2024). 2012-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use 5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict Medium (30-70% of population affected) Chimpanzee crop feeding on mango (Mangifera indica) and baobab (Adansonia digitata) guarded by humans occurs in the reserve. In 2023, a male chimpanzee was harassed with dogs and stones while feeding on fruits in a mango orchard (Dotras et al. 2024). Other potential sources of negative interactions are water sources in the dry season and artificial beehives. 2021-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants Medium (30-70% of population affected) Gathering fruits (Ramon et al. 2017, Dotras et al. 2024) and plant products for medicine and to feed livestock (the latter during the dry season). 2017-Ongoing (2024)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting Medium (30-70% of population affected) Cutting of trees for building and firewood (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017). 2009-Ongoing (2024)
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species Medium (30-70% of population affected) Presence of dogs. Nature observation trekking in chimpanzee habitat pose safety and security risks, including zoonoses, for tourists and animals if the established protocols are not firmly applied. 2009-Ongoing (2024)
9 Pollution 9.4 Garbage & solid waste Medium (30-70% of population affected) Disposal of plastics and clothes (Pacheco et al. 2012) 2009-Ongoing (2024)
11 Climate change & severe weather Present (unknown severity) Suspected, but data not available Ongoing (2024)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Since 2009, the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station) conducts conservation activities at Dindefelo by promoting reforestation, fire control, food security and resilience to climate change projects, by monitoring chimpanzees and other wildlife, by providing training and employment, and by carrying out environmental education and sensitization actions. In 2010, a Community Nature Reserve was established by the Rural Council in Dindefelo (Pacheco et al. 2012). With the support of the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal and the USAID/ Wula Nafaa program, a management plan was drawn in 2011 to regulate the management of the area from 2012-2016. This plan included the delimitation of three types of zones: high, medium and low-level protection for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012). Such zonation was updated for the 2021-2026 DCNR management plan in 2021, working along local authorities and the community. To foster a more sustainable use of natural resources, the JGI Spain in Senegal established and manages tree nurseries of species used for reforestation, creation of buffer zones and food security projects. Another conservation project was carried out to build so-called ‘live fences’, meaning fences around agricultural plots made from living plants, reducing pressure on forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). In addition, to alleviate competition for water sources between chimpanzees and humans, the JGI Spain in Senegal constructed or repaired water wells in several villages, a school and washing facilities. The JGI Spain in Senegal has also trained local people as eco guards and forest monitors of the reserve, equipped them and financed staff salaries for 15 months (2020-2021). In 2013, the JGI Spain in Senegal helped the reserve to regulate ecotourism based on chimpanzee tracking, creating safety and security protocols. This activity was stopped at the onset of the Covid 19 pandemic. When it was proposed by the authorities to resume it in 2021, the JGI Spain in Senegal advised against it. At their insistence, a stricter safety and hygiene protocol was proposed but JGIS staff is no longer involved in this activity. The JGI Spain in Senegal is currently implementing a project to build community resilience to climate change (Building Community Resilience, hereafter BCR project) in 21 villages of four communes. With the support of Global Affairs Canada, this project includes: 1) the creation of cooperatives (Groupement d'intérêt économique in French, GIE), mostly composed of women, and their training in the management of such cooperatives, 2) providing training and equipment for the production of bio charcoal, 3) the mechanical processing of a local, drought-resistant cereal called fonio millet (Digitaria exilis) for consumption or sale, and 4) the creation of eight tree nurseries for the production and planting of wild and domestic trees commonly exploited by people. Past activities implemented by the JGI Spain in Senegal that were discontinued include a community managed tree plantation for Saba senegalensis (a fruit sought after by people, especially in the dry season, and sold to national markets) established in 2012 (Pacheco et al. 2012). The plant nurseries were managed by local committees and thus sustainable harvesting of this fruit was promoted. In addition, a municipal washing facility was established in one of the villages to provide washing opportunities within the village, while reducing water pollution and preventing interactions between chimpanzees and humans at water points (Pacheco et al. 2012). The washing facility was used for a rather limited amount of time and then abandoned for cultural and practical reasons. Currently, the JGI Spain in Senegal implements rigorous monitoring and evaluation protocols to carry out its conservation and sustainable development projects centered in the community and to ensure their continuity over time.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Dindefelo

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
1 Development impact mitigation 1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity. BCR project (2021-2024): 1) Provision of fonio millet seeds to 455 women in nine villages, as well as training and equipment for the processing, production and dehulling of fonio millet by 15 official women cooperatives (975 people); 2) Sensitization, training and equipment for the production, use and sale of biocharcoal made with straw, by 11 cooperatives (766 people); 3) Construction of eight tree-nurseries with a well each; and 4) Construction of 3,200 energy-saving adobe stoves. 2012-Ongoing (2024)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols Training of ecoguards, manager and other reserve staff. Jane Goodall Insititute 2020-2021
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols Equipment and funding of ecoguards. Jane Goodall Insititute 2020-2021
3 Species health 3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities Covid-19 prevention campaign, with sensitization and distribution of chlorine and soap to 12 villages, as well as facemasks and hand-washing stations in Dindefelo. 2020.0
3 Species health 3.14 Reduce garbage/human food waste to avoid ape injuries and disease transmission Establish municipal washing facility to avoid garbage being left close to watercourses (Pacheco et al. 2012); the Yaakar Africa association created and financed a garbage collection and management plan using domestic and public containers. 2012-Ongoing (2023)
3 Species health 3.14 Reduce garbage/human food waste to avoid ape injuries and disease transmission Sensitization campaigns and collection of batteries and clean-up events by youth groups. 2016-2019
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use The Roots & Shoots program carried out with local students includes activities of biodiversity and conservation education, and prevention of human-wildlife negative interactions in several villages. Jane Goodall Institute 2012-Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Interviews on human-chimpanzee interactions have been conducted in several villages (2022). Sensitization workshops in various villages with local authorities and different members of the community to foster a sustainable human-chimpanzee coexistence (2023-2024). 2022-Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Annual camps for about 100 children from different villages within and around the reserve took place from 2016 to 2019. 2016-2019
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management Conservation workshops involving authorities and main stakeholders in the community (2017, 2019 and 2020). 2017, 2019, 2020
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management Community Nature Reserve created by local communities (Pacheco et al. 2012). 2010-Ongoing (2024)
4 Education & awareness 4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Environmental cinema sessions in four villages. Sensitization on the sustainable management of natural resources and on chimpanzee conservation in 12 villages, with distribution of equipment to fight bush-fires. 2017-Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration 5.3 Establish areas for conservation which are not protected by national or international legislation (e.g., private sector standards & codes) Establishment of the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (Pacheco et al. 2012), with Management Plan updated in 2021. 2010, 2021
5 Protection & restoration 5.4 Create natural habitat patches (including corridors) Establishment of zones strictly protected for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012). Firebreaks made in risk areas used by the chimpanzees. Workshops on the prevention and control of bush-fires were carried out for 12 local committees, which were equipped to fight fires (2021). 2012-Ongoing (2024)
5 Protection & restoration 5.6 Habitat restoration Tree nurseries, planting indigenous tree species in areas used by chimpanzees, reforest buffer zones. 2016-Ongoing (2024)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment) Permanent job positions created for research and agroforestry assistants, guardians and other staff. Temporary positions created for local workers involved in agroforestry activities and firebreak construction. Additionally, support of the local economy by purchasing services and materials, including thousands of biodegradable tree protectors. Jane Goodall Institute 2013-Ongoing (2024)
7 Economic & other incentives 7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development) Activities have included the construction of water wells, training for farmers, especially groups of women, tourist guides, and owners of camp sites. Jane Goodall Institute 2013-Ongoing (2024)
8 Permanent presence 8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site Biological station established by the JGI Spain. Jane Goodall Institute 2014-Ongoing (2024)
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ecotourism project with chimpanzee tracking. 2013-2021
8 Permanent presence 8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site Ecotourism project without chimpanzee tracking, supported by University of Huelva, a partner of JGI Spain. 2021-Ongoing (2024)
8 Permanent presence 8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager Staff permanently present at biological station. Jane Goodall Institute 2014-Ongoing (2024)
Other Sharing ecological data to environmental consulting firms without expertise in great apes, trying to avoid and mitigate the impacts of infrastructure development on key areas for chimpanzees. Jane Goodall Institute Ongoing (2024)
Other Technical advice to local authorities and consultants on OMVG high-tension power line on compensation measures and sensitization of affected local human populations to mitigate potential negative interactions with chimpanzees. Jane Goodall Institute Ongoing (2024)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

NA

Table 5. Challenges reported for Dindefelo

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement


Enablers

NA

Table 6. Enablers reported for Dindefelo

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community 3.2 Local taboos in favor of conservation Dotras et al. 2024 Ongoing (2024)
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Studies conducted in Dindefelo have considered overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential negative interactions between the two species (Ramon et al. 2017, Arias et al. 2017, Dotras et al. 2024). Other research currently going on in Dindefelo focuses on chimpanzee tool and proto-tool use (Galán-Plana et al. 2022; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2023, 2024), chimpanzee nesting behaviour (Enthoven et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022), chimpanzee dietary diversity (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2023) chimpanzee body size variability (Cardoso et al. 2022), presence of other primates in the reserve (Dotras et al. 2022; Mirghani et al. 2024) and of large and medium mammal species in the reserve (Mirghani et al. 2023a, JIG Spain unpublished data). One study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019). Other studies have reported the presence of nematodes (Laidoudi et al. 2020) in Dindefelo chimpanzees, adenovirus and parasitic infections in human and non-human primates in Africa including Dindefelo chimpanzees (Medkour et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2021), and multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Baron et al. 2021; Abdallah et al. 2022). In addition, a molecular characterization of intestinal and blood parasites was conducted for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Köster et al. 2021). Recently, the presence of Treponema pallidum was reported for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Sereme et al. 2024). Dindefelo is also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg. de/)). Soil studies and training to improve crop productivity have also been carried out with the University Miguel Hernández, Spain.

Female fishing for termites and young in Dindefelo, Senegal © JGI Spain in Senegal

Documented behaviours

NA

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Dindefelo

Behavior Source
Algae fishing Kühl et al. 2019
Ant dipping Kühl et al. 2019; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2022, 2023, 2024
Ant eating Kühl et al. 2019
Ant eating without tools Kühl et al. 2019
Cave use Kühl et al. 2019, Marcos Nistal et al. 2022
Termite eating Kühl et al. 2019
Termite fishing Kühl et al. 2019; Boesch et al. 2020
Baobab pounding Galán-Plana et al. 2022


Exposure to climate change impacts

NA


External links

NA

Relevant datasets

NA

References

NA


Page created by: Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal Date: 2023-12-02

Page updated by: Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal Date: 2024-30-12

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