Difference between revisions of "Cabinda"

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Angola]] > [[Cabinda]]
 
[[Central Africa]] > [[Angola]] > [[Cabinda]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Cabinda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Cabinda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Cabinda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Cabinda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Cabinda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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 +
__TOC__
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= Summary =
 +
 
 +
<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|-4.682290 , 12.628115 ~[[Cabinda]]~Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla}}</div>
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Angola, Cabinda.
 
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Angola, Cabinda.
 
* It has been estimated that 1,705 (CI: 1,027–4,801) chimpanzees and 1,652 (CI: 1,174–3,311) gorillas occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that 1,705 (CI: 1,027–4,801) chimpanzees and 1,652 (CI: 1,174–3,311) gorillas occur in the site.
Line 17: Line 14:
 
* Conservation activities are not documented.
 
* Conservation activities are not documented.
  
−
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
  
 
The Cabinda exclave lies north of the Congo river. Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola by 30 km of DRC (Caldecott & Miles 2005). It is the only part of Angola in which great apes are found. The forest of Maiombe (2,000 sq. km) supports the largest population of great apes in Cabinda (Caldecott & Miles 2005; Heffernan 2005). The Maiombe forest is part of a larger rainforest that spreads across southwest Gabon, east and northwest of Cabinda, and southwestern areas of Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Heffernan 2005). In addition to the western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee, other species inhabiting the area include forest elephants, grey parrots, guenons, various duikers, and dwarf forest buffalos (Heffernan 2005).
 
The Cabinda exclave lies north of the Congo river. Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola by 30 km of DRC (Caldecott & Miles 2005). It is the only part of Angola in which great apes are found. The forest of Maiombe (2,000 sq. km) supports the largest population of great apes in Cabinda (Caldecott & Miles 2005; Heffernan 2005). The Maiombe forest is part of a larger rainforest that spreads across southwest Gabon, east and northwest of Cabinda, and southwestern areas of Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Heffernan 2005). In addition to the western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee, other species inhabiting the area include forest elephants, grey parrots, guenons, various duikers, and dwarf forest buffalos (Heffernan 2005).
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Cabinda'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Cabinda'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|7,300 km²
 
|7,300 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
| -4.682290 S, 12.628115 E
+
|Lat: -4.682290 S , Lon:  12.628115 E
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Type of site
−
|Unclassified
+
|Non-protected area
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Habitat types
−
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, subtropical/tropical mangrove vegetation above high-tide level
+
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
 +
|-
 +
|Type of governance
 +
|
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
Great ape population estimates have been difficult to obtain, as civil conflict has deterred field studies (Caldecott & Miles 2005). However, based on a density distribution model, the predicted chimpanzee population in Cabinda for 2013 was 1,705 (95% CI: 1,027-4,801) individuals, and the predicted gorilla population was 1,652 (95% CI: 1,174-3,311) individuals (Strindberg et al. 2018).
 
Great ape population estimates have been difficult to obtain, as civil conflict has deterred field studies (Caldecott & Miles 2005). However, based on a density distribution model, the predicted chimpanzee population in Cabinda for 2013 was 1,705 (95% CI: 1,027-4,801) individuals, and the predicted gorilla population was 1,652 (95% CI: 1,174-3,311) individuals (Strindberg et al. 2018).
  
−
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Cabinda'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Cabinda'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−
! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
 
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
Line 60: Line 64:
 
|
 
|
 
|Angola, Cabinda
 
|Angola, Cabinda
−
|Model estimate
+
|Other
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
Line 71: Line 75:
 
|
 
|
 
|Angola, Cabinda
 
|Angola, Cabinda
−
|Model estimate
+
|Other
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|Strindberg et al. 2018
 
|
 
|
Line 77: Line 81:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
= Threats =
  
−
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Cabinda'''
+
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Cabinda'''
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Category
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Threat level
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
+
!Description
 +
!Year of threat
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|Encroachment into forest areas for agricultural expansion (Heffernan 2005).
 
|Encroachment into forest areas for agricultural expansion (Heffernan 2005).
 
|Ongoing (2005)
 
|Ongoing (2005)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
−
|
 
 
|Bushmeat hunting for subsistence and commercial purposes (Caldecott & Miles 2005).
 
|Bushmeat hunting for subsistence and commercial purposes (Caldecott & Miles 2005).
 
|Ongoing (2005)
 
|Ongoing (2005)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|Local and commercial logging  is widespread, often involving clear-cutting large areas (Heffernan 2005).
 
|Local and commercial logging  is widespread, often involving clear-cutting large areas (Heffernan 2005).
 
|Ongoing (2005)
 
|Ongoing (2005)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
Since 2008, the UN Environment and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have assisted Angola, Congo, and DR Congo to create a cooperation agreement for the management of the Mayombe Forest Transfrontier Protected Area (TPA). A transboundary management plan was approved in 2013. Due to the lack of progress in the implementation of the plan, recent discussions have been held towards the revitalization of the initiative ([https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/towards-sustainable-management-amazon-africa-mayombe-transboundary-forest UNEP]).
 
Since 2008, the UN Environment and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have assisted Angola, Congo, and DR Congo to create a cooperation agreement for the management of the Mayombe Forest Transfrontier Protected Area (TPA). A transboundary management plan was approved in 2013. Due to the lack of progress in the implementation of the plan, recent discussions have been held towards the revitalization of the initiative ([https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/towards-sustainable-management-amazon-africa-mayombe-transboundary-forest UNEP]).
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Cabinda'''
+
= Challenges =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
 
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
 
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Cabinda'''
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
+
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
 +
|Caldecott & Miles 2005
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
 +
|Caldecott & Miles 2005
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Cabinda'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|3. Energy production & mining
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|5. Biological resource use
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|7. Natural system modifications
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|4 Institutional support
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
−
|9. Pollution
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|Not reported
 
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|11. Habitat Protection
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Species Management
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+
= Research activities =
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Cabinda'''
 
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
 
−
|-
 
−
|Civil unrest
 
−
|Caldecott & Miles 2005
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of law enforcement
 
−
|Caldecott & Miles 2005
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
+
= Documented behaviours =
 +
 
 +
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Cabinda'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Cabinda'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
=External links=
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= External links =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
  
−
===Relevant datasets===
 
−
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Caldecott, J. & Miles, L. (2005). World atlas of great apes and their conservation. University of California Press, Berkeley. <br>
 
−
Heffernan, J. (2005). Elephants of Cabinda; Mission report, Angola, April 2005. Fauna & Flora International & United Nations Development Programme in co-operation with the Dept. of Urban Affairs and Environment, Cabinda, Angola. <br>
 
−
Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., Abitsi, G., Agbor, A., Ambahe, R. D., Bakabana, P. C., Bechem, M., Berlemont, A., Bokoto de Semboli, B., Boundja, P. R., Bout, N., Breuer, T., Campbell, G., De Wachter, P., Ella Akou, M., … Wilkie, D. S. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science Advances, 4(4), eaar2964. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2964 <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Caldecott, J. & Miles, L. (2005). World atlas of great apes and their conservation. University of California Press, Berkeley.
−
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 05/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
Heffernan, J. (2005). Elephants of Cabinda; Mission report, Angola, April 2005. Fauna & Flora International & United Nations Development Programme in co-operation with the Dept. of Urban Affairs and Environment, Cabinda, Angola.
 +
 
 +
Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., Abitsi, G., Agbor, A., Ambahe, R. D., Bakabana, P. C., Bechem, M., Berlemont, A., Bokoto de Semboli, B., Boundja, P. R., Bout, N., Breuer, T., Campbell, G., De Wachter, P., Ella Akou, M., … Wilkie, D. S. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science Advances, 4(4), eaar2964. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2964
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:06, 24 January 2025

Central Africa > Angola > Cabinda

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are present in Angola, Cabinda.
  • It has been estimated that 1,705 (CI: 1,027–4,801) chimpanzees and 1,652 (CI: 1,174–3,311) gorillas occur in the site.
  • The great ape population trend is unknown.
  • The site has a total size of 7,300 km².
  • Key threats to great apes are bushmeat hunting and habitat loss as a result of agricultural expansion and logging.
  • Conservation activities are not documented.


Site characteristics

The Cabinda exclave lies north of the Congo river. Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola by 30 km of DRC (Caldecott & Miles 2005). It is the only part of Angola in which great apes are found. The forest of Maiombe (2,000 sq. km) supports the largest population of great apes in Cabinda (Caldecott & Miles 2005; Heffernan 2005). The Maiombe forest is part of a larger rainforest that spreads across southwest Gabon, east and northwest of Cabinda, and southwestern areas of Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Heffernan 2005). In addition to the western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee, other species inhabiting the area include forest elephants, grey parrots, guenons, various duikers, and dwarf forest buffalos (Heffernan 2005).

Table 1. Basic site information for Cabinda

Species Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Area 7,300 km²
Coordinates Lat: -4.682290 S , Lon: 12.628115 E
Type of site Non-protected area
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Great ape population estimates have been difficult to obtain, as civil conflict has deterred field studies (Caldecott & Miles 2005). However, based on a density distribution model, the predicted chimpanzee population in Cabinda for 2013 was 1,705 (95% CI: 1,027-4,801) individuals, and the predicted gorilla population was 1,652 (95% CI: 1,174-3,311) individuals (Strindberg et al. 2018).

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Cabinda

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes troglodytes 2005-2013 1,705 (1,027–4,801) Angola, Cabinda Other Strindberg et al. 2018
Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2013 1,652 (1,174–3,311) Angola, Cabinda Other Strindberg et al. 2018

Threats

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Cabinda

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development Unknown
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops High Encroachment into forest areas for agricultural expansion (Heffernan 2005). Ongoing (2005)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals Present, but threat severity is unknown Bushmeat hunting for subsistence and commercial purposes (Caldecott & Miles 2005). Ongoing (2005)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Local and commercial logging is widespread, often involving clear-cutting large areas (Heffernan 2005). Ongoing (2005)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance Unknown
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases Unknown
9 Pollution Unknown
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

Since 2008, the UN Environment and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have assisted Angola, Congo, and DR Congo to create a cooperation agreement for the management of the Mayombe Forest Transfrontier Protected Area (TPA). A transboundary management plan was approved in 2013. Due to the lack of progress in the implementation of the plan, recent discussions have been held towards the revitalization of the initiative (UNEP).

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Cabinda

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
6 Safety and stability 6.3 Civil unrest/war Caldecott & Miles 2005
4 Institutional support 4.1 Lack of law enforcement Caldecott & Miles 2005

Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Cabinda

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Cabinda

Behavior Source
Not reported

Exposure to climate change impacts

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Caldecott, J. & Miles, L. (2005). World atlas of great apes and their conservation. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Heffernan, J. (2005). Elephants of Cabinda; Mission report, Angola, April 2005. Fauna & Flora International & United Nations Development Programme in co-operation with the Dept. of Urban Affairs and Environment, Cabinda, Angola.

Strindberg, S., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Blake, S., Stokes, E. J., Aba’a, R., Abitsi, G., Agbor, A., Ambahe, R. D., Bakabana, P. C., Bechem, M., Berlemont, A., Bokoto de Semboli, B., Boundja, P. R., Bout, N., Breuer, T., Campbell, G., De Wachter, P., Ella Akou, M., … Wilkie, D. S. (2018). Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa. Science Advances, 4(4), eaar2964. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2964


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