Gombe National Park

East Africa > Tanzania > Gombe National Park

Summary

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• Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) are present in Gombe National Park.
• Approximately 90 individuals occur in the site.
• The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
• The site has a total size of 35 km².
• Key threats to chimpanzees are diseases, forest loss and loss of forest connectivity.
• Conservation activities have focused on long-term research, education and awareness raising.
• Jane Goodall began studying the chimpanzees at the site in 1960, when little was known about the behavior and social structure of wild chimpanzees

Site characteristics

Located along the eastern edge of Lake Tanganyika in eastern Tanzania, Gombe National Park covers an area of 35 sq. km of mountainous terrain (Weiss et al. 2017). The site encompasses a mosaic of habitats and their transitions, from riverine forest to deciduous woodland and grassland (Weiss et al. 2017). Although the park covers a small area, it is rich in biodiversity. In addition to chimpanzees, several other primates inhabit the site, including olive baboons (Papio anubis), red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles), red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti), and vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) (Lonsdorf et al. 2021). The site was first established as the Gombe Stream Game Reserve in 1943, and upgraded to national park in 1968. As part of an effort to recognize that the national park is part of a larger ecosystem that needs to be integrated into conservation efforts, the geographical area known as the Greater Gombe Ecosystem was defined as part of the Conservation Action Planning process in 2005 (Wilson et al. 2020). Jane Goodall began studying the chimpanzees at the site in 1960, when little was known about the behavior and social structure of wild chimpanzees (Pusey et al. 2007). During her first year of study she made the key discoveries that chimpanzees make and use tools (Goodall 1964) and hunt and eat meat (Goodall 1963).

Minimum population estimates for chimpanzee communities living within Gombe (Wilson et al. 2020)

Table 1. Basic site information for Gombe National Park

Area	35 km²
Coordinates	-4.698600, 29.644148
Designation	National Park
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, grassland

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Gombe contains three communities of chimpanzees: Mitumba, Kasekela and Kalande. The chimpanzee population in the park decreased over time from an estimated 120–150 individuals in the 1960s to approximately 90 individuals in 2020 (Wilson et al. 2020). However, the consistent presence of approximately 90 chimpanzees since 2002 suggests that the population might be stable (Wilson et al. 2020).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Gombe National Park

Species	Year	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Encounter rate (nests/km)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii	2020	89-92			Gombe National Park, entire area	Full count and genotyping	Wilson et al. 2020

Threats

Due to the small size of the park and its small and relatively isolated chimpanzee population, chimpanzees at the site are particularly vulnerable to diseases and habitat encroachment (Wilson et al. 2020). Although diseases occur naturally, human activities can increase the risk of transmission to apes. Furthermore, respiratory disease appears to be the most common cause of death for Gombe chimpanzees, with 48% of chimpanzees inferred to have died from illness reported to exhibit respiratory symptoms (Wilson et al. 2020).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Gombe National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Quantified severity	Description	Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development		Absent
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High	Between 1972 and 2003, 64% of the forests and woodlands potentially used by chimpanzees outside the park had been converted to farmland and other land uses (Wilson et al. 2020).	Smallholder agriculture; increase in smallholder oil palm cultivation (Langat 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
3. Energy production & mining		Absent
4. Transportation & service corridors		Absent
5. Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	Low		Few cases of poaching (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High		As early as the 1940s, deforestation fueled by growing human populations threatened this area (Pusey et al. 2007). Charcoal production is an ongoing threat (Langat 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance		Unknown
7. Natural system modifications		Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases	8.2 Problematic native species/diseases	High		Diseases occurring naturally in the chimpanzee population (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases	High		High risk of acquiring diseases from humans (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
9. Pollution		Unknown
10. Geological Events		Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather		Unknown
12. Other options	12.1 Other threat	Low		A few cases of chimpanzee killings by humans have been reported in the park as retaliation due to crop raiding (TAWIRI 2018).	Ongoing (2018)
	12.1 Other threat	Present, but threat severity unknown		The connectivity between Gombe National Park and Masito Ugalla is under threat from forest conversion (TAWIRI 2018).	Ongoing (2018)

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The Jane Goodall Institute (JGI) has embarked on a number of conservation initiatives. For example, JGI worked with local communities to create a land use plan for their villages (Langat 2019). JGI created the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE) program in 1994, which aims to support sustainable livelihoods in the local communities while halting forest degradation. The program focuses on socio-economic development and sustainable natural resource management. Efforts to monitor health systematically at the site began in 2000. Observers conducting local follows every day take note of clinical signs (e.g., coughing, diarrhoea, wounds), both for the target of their follow, and for any individual observed ill (Wilson et al. 2020).

Table 4. Conservation activities in Gombe National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development	Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	Not reported
3. Energy production & mining	Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors	Not reported
5. Biological resource use	Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance	Not reported
7. Natural system modifications	Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases	8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates	Since 2017 observers are required to wear face masks when with chimpanzees (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals	A minimum distance of 7.5 m is maintained for researchers, and 10 m for tourists, who are more likely to carry respiratory viruses due to recent travel (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals	Tourist visits are restricted to no longer than one hour, and in groups no larger than six people (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site	Visiting researchers are asked to complete a 7-day quarantine before following chimpanzees (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site	JGI employs a full-time research team at Gombe, including a vet (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	8.23. Implement a health programme for local communities	The health monitoring project at the site has expanded to include a “One Health” approach, integrating diagnostic surveillance for chimpanzees and baboons, and examining links with people and domesticated animals (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
	Other	Since chimpanzees often travel through areas where staff live, GSRC moved staff families out of the park, built wire mesh cages around the front of staff houses, and introduced a shift system to reduce the number of staff in the park. Efforts have also been made to improve sanitation, including running water and flush toilets (Wilson et al. 2020).	Ongoing (2020)
9. Pollution	Not reported
10. Education & Awareness	10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use	Awareness raising among school children conducted by the Gombe Stream Research Centre. For example, students grow seedlings at school and transplant them back in their homes under the village reserve program (Langat 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
11. Habitat Protection	11.2. Legally protect primate habitat	The site is designated as a National Park.	Ongoing (2021)
12. Species Management	Not reported
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives	13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site	Long-term research at the site has provided benefits to wildlife conservation, for example, by understanding disease patterns and requirements for ecological monitoring, habitat use and connectivity, and engagement of local communities in research and conservation (TAWIRI 2018).	Ongoing (2018)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Gombe National Park

Challenge	Source
Not reported

Research activities

Jane Goodall began habituating the Kasekela community in the 1960s, and demographic records have been continuously kept ever since (Weiss et al. 2017). From 1963 to 2000, chimpanzees were provisioned with bananas at an artificial feeding station, with daily records made of their behavior. Since the early 1970s, field assistants have conducted dawn-to-dusk focal follows of the chimpanzees everyday throughout their range (Weiss et al. 2017). In November of 1960, Goodall observed that chimpanzees make and use tools. This discovery revolutionized the field of animal behavior; up until then it had been presumed that only humans could construct and use tools (JGI). Since 1960, over 300 publications have emerged from research at Gombe, and about 50 PhDs and masters have been obtained through work at the site (JGI). Research methods pioneered at Gombe have inspired similar approaches at other field sites, contributing to a better understanding of behavioral diversity across chimpanzees and bonobos (Wilson et al. 2020). Research at the site has also played an important role in inspiring and testing hypotheses about human evolution (Wilson et al. 2020). JGI employs a full-time research team at Gombe of about 50 employees, including senior scientists, a veterinarian, and field researchers specializing in chimpanzees, baboons, other monkeys, and botany. To coordinate research activities involving the collaboration among scientists from many different institutions, the Gombe Research Consortium was established in 2018, consisting of research administrators from JGI (Collins, Mjungu, and Pintea) and principal investigators based elsewhere (Detwiler, Gilby, Lonsdorf, Murray, Pusey, and Wilson; Wilson et al. 2020).

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Gombe National Park

Behavior	Source
Investigatory probe	Goodall 1968
Play-start	Goodall 1968
Leaf-sponge	Goodall 1964
Branch-shake	Goodall 1968
Container: Leaves used to catch/hold material	Goodall 1968
Leaf-brush: Leaves used to brush bees, etc. away from an entrance or surface	Goodall 1986
Food-pound onto wood: Food item smashed open by beating it on a hard wooden surface, like the base of a tree	Goodall 1968
Food-pound onto other: Food item smashed open by beating it on a surface other than wood, such as stone or hard earth	Goodall 1968
Termite-fishing using leaf midrib	Goodall 1964
Termite-fishing using non-leaf materials: Probing instrument, sometimes modified, used to extract termites from tunnels	Goodall 1964
Lever open: Stout stick is used in levering fashion to enlarge insect or bird nest	Goodall 1968
Self-tickle: An object is used to probe ticklish areas on self	Goodall 1986
Aimed-throw: Throwing of object with clear (even if inaccurate) tendency to aim	Goodall 1964
Leaf-napkin: Leaves used to clean body surfaces	Goodall 1964
Leaf-groom: ‘ Grooming’ of leave	Goodall 1986

External links

Jane Goodall Institute

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

Goodall, J. (1963). Feeding behaviour of wild chimpanzees. A preliminary report. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 10:39–47.
Goodall, J. (1964). Tool-using and aimed throwing in a community of free-living chimpanzees. Nature 201:1264–1266.
Goodall, J. (1968). The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Anim. Behav. Mon. 1, p. 161-311.
Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behaviour. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Langat, A. (2019, February 28). For the famed chimps of Gombe, human encroachment takes a toll. Mongabay. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/02/for-the-famed-chimps-of-gombe-human-encroachment-takes-a-toll/
Lonsdorf, E. V., Travis, D. A., Raphael, J., Kamenya, S., Lipende, I., Mwacha, D., ... & Gillespie, T. R. (2021). The Gombe Ecosystem Health Project: 16 years of program evolution and lessons learned. American journal of primatology, e23300. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23300
Pusey, A. E., Pintea, L., Wilson, M. L., Kamenya, S., & Goodall, J. (2007). The contribution of long‐term research at Gombe National Park to chimpanzee conservation. Conservation Biology, 21(3), 623-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00704.x
Weiss, A., Wilson, M. L., Collins, D. A., Mjungu, D., Kamenya, S., Foerster, S., & Pusey, A. E. (2017). Personality in the chimpanzees of Gombe National Park. Scientific data, 4(1), 1-18.https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.146
Wilson, M. L., Lonsdorf, E. V., Mjungu, D. C., Kamenya, S., Kimaro, E. W., Collins, D. A., ... & Goodall, J. (2020). Research and conservation in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem: Challenges and opportunities. Biological Conservation, 252, 108853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108853

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 19/01/2022