Difference between revisions of "Banco National Park"

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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Banco National Park]]
 
[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d’Ivoire]] > [[Banco National Park]]
  
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= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
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'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Banco_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Banco_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Banco_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Banco_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Banco_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
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<div style="float: right">
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{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
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__TOC__
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|5.395175 , -4.052743~[[Banco National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
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= Summary =
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}}
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</div>
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<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.395175 , -4.052743~[[Banco National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
 
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Banco National Park.
 
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Banco National Park.
 
* It has been estimated that around 26 individuals occur in the site.
 
* It has been estimated that around 26 individuals occur in the site.
Line 23: Line 15:
 
* The site is surrounded by the capital city of Abidjan.
 
* The site is surrounded by the capital city of Abidjan.
  
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= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+
 
−
[[File: Banco_chimps_Credit_OIPRCI.jpg | 600px | thumb| right | Banco National Park chimpanzees © OIPRCI]]
+
 
 +
= Site characteristics =
 +
 
 
The Banco National Park was created in October 1953. It is located in the heart of the Ivorian economic capital, Abidjan, and is bounded by the municipalities of Adjamé, Attécoubé, Abobo, and Yopougon. The surface of the park has shrunk over the years and now covers an area of 3,438 hectares. Being the unique remaining relic of the dense primary forest that once covered the area of Abidjan, Banco National Park is often described as the hydraulic reservoir and green lung of the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire. This protected area is a center for environmental education (OIPR n.d.). The park holds about 600 ha of primary forests; an arboretum of over 800 species of higher plants native to the tropics of Africa, Asia and Latin America; many fish ponds located in the heart of the park, a semi-natural swimming pool, an ecomuseum, and the presence of a family of chimpanzees (OIPR n.d.).
 
The Banco National Park was created in October 1953. It is located in the heart of the Ivorian economic capital, Abidjan, and is bounded by the municipalities of Adjamé, Attécoubé, Abobo, and Yopougon. The surface of the park has shrunk over the years and now covers an area of 3,438 hectares. Being the unique remaining relic of the dense primary forest that once covered the area of Abidjan, Banco National Park is often described as the hydraulic reservoir and green lung of the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire. This protected area is a center for environmental education (OIPR n.d.). The park holds about 600 ha of primary forests; an arboretum of over 800 species of higher plants native to the tropics of Africa, Asia and Latin America; many fish ponds located in the heart of the park, a semi-natural swimming pool, an ecomuseum, and the presence of a family of chimpanzees (OIPR n.d.).
−
Based on a wildlife survey (Bitty et al. 2013), the site is home to a number mammal species, including primates (chimpanzees, Campbell's mona monkey, and lesser white-nosed monkey), ungulates (harnessed bushbuck, Maxwell's duiker, Royal antelope), and predators, such as the cape genet, common kusimanse, and African civet (OIPR n.d.).
 
  
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Banco National Park'''
 
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Banco National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
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| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+
|Species
 +
|Pan troglodytes verus
 +
|-
 +
|Area
 
|34 km²
 
|34 km²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Coordinates
 
|Coordinates
−
|5.395175 , -4.052743
+
|Lat: 5.395175 , Lon:  -4.052743
 +
|-
 +
|Type of site
 +
|Protected area (National Park)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Designation
+
|Habitat types
−
|National Park
+
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Urban areas, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Artificial aquatic (water storage)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+
|Type of governance
−
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, arable land, plantations, urban areas, canals and drainage channels, ditches, permanent rivers/streams/creeks (includes waterfalls), seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks, ponds [below 8 ha], aquaculture ponds, permanent freshwater marshes/pools (under 8 ha), seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools
+
|
 
|}
 
|}
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 
  
−
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
 +
[[File: Banco_chimps_Credit_OIPRCI.jpg | 600px | thumb| right | Banco National Park chimpanzees © OIPRCI]]
 +
= Ape status =
  
 
A marked nest count study conducted in the Banco National Park in 2006 confirmed the presence of a small chimpanzee population. Twentysix fresh nests (including single nests and a group of up to 5 nests) were found along transects, and 5 off transects. The population was estimated to be around 20 individuals. In 2006, assistants succeeded several times to directly observe chimpanzees in groups of over ten individuals (WCF n.d.). Visitors of the park sighted ca. 20 chimpanzees in 2013 (Normand, E., personal communication). The manager of the park supports a group of up to 40 chimpanzees, and 3-4 isolated individuals are occasionally seen in the park (Bakayoko, H, pers. com). Based on these corroborating statements, the population of chimpanzees within the site is likely stable or increasing.
 
A marked nest count study conducted in the Banco National Park in 2006 confirmed the presence of a small chimpanzee population. Twentysix fresh nests (including single nests and a group of up to 5 nests) were found along transects, and 5 off transects. The population was estimated to be around 20 individuals. In 2006, assistants succeeded several times to directly observe chimpanzees in groups of over ten individuals (WCF n.d.). Visitors of the park sighted ca. 20 chimpanzees in 2013 (Normand, E., personal communication). The manager of the park supports a group of up to 40 chimpanzees, and 3-4 isolated individuals are occasionally seen in the park (Bakayoko, H, pers. com). Based on these corroborating statements, the population of chimpanzees within the site is likely stable or increasing.
  
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'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Banco National Park'''
+
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Banco National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
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! Species
+
!Species
−
! Year
+
!Year
−
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+
!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−
! Area
+
!Area
−
! Method
+
!Method
−
! Source
+
!Source
−
! Comments
+
!Comments
−
! A.P.E.S. database ID
+
!A.P.E.S. database ID
 
|-
 
|-
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
 
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
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|
 
|
 
|Banco National Park
 
|Banco National Park
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|Line transects (Distance)
+
|Line transects
 
|WCF 2009
 
|WCF 2009
 
|
 
|
Line 95: Line 95:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
= Threats =     <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+
 
−
[[File: BancoNP Credit OIPRCI.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Banco National Park chimpanzees © OIPRCI]]
+
= Threats =
 +
 
 
Banco National Park is highly threatened by the neighboring populations, which exert a high pressure on the fauna and flora of the park. Snares are regularly found and poachers caught, illustrating that poaching is very much present within the park. Pollution is a real challenge for the park. The different types of pollution caused by domestic, artisanal, or industrial discharges destroy trees and pollute the land over an average distance of 200 m around the sources of pollution (Kouadio & Singh 2020).
 
Banco National Park is highly threatened by the neighboring populations, which exert a high pressure on the fauna and flora of the park. Snares are regularly found and poachers caught, illustrating that poaching is very much present within the park. Pollution is a real challenge for the park. The different types of pollution caused by domestic, artisanal, or industrial discharges destroy trees and pollute the land over an average distance of 200 m around the sources of pollution (Kouadio & Singh 2020).
−
The park's isolation in the urban area of Abidjan and various types of human activities near the park are the main cause of the pollution observed. In Abobo, to the north and north-east of the park, the various economic activities linked to the sale and repair of automobiles, in particular, the “Abidjan Automobile Casse”, lead to the rejection of a large quantity of abandoned spare parts in the park forest. In addition, engine oils are discharged into polluted water drainage channels which then flow into the park (Kouadio & Singh 2020).
 
−
The second source of pollution in the Banco forest include the septic waste from the neighboring communities and the Abidjan main detention center (MACA), the largest prison in Côte d'Ivoire, located at the southwestern edge of the park. Waste from septic tanks is also discharged into the park. The park is also bordered by several Small and Medium Industrial Enterprises, and also by small artisanal production units of traditional soaps made by chemical fermentation. These units are located to the north-east in the commune of Adjamé and to the south-west in Yopougon. The liquid waste produced by these units is directly discharged into the park (Kouadio & Singh 2020).
 
  
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'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Banco National Park'''
+
'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Banco National Park'''
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
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!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+
!Specific threats
−
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+
!Threat level
−
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
+
!Description
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Year of threat
−
!Year of threat <!--  Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
−
|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+
|1.1 Residential areas
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|1 Residential & commercial development
 
|1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
 
|1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|3 Energy production & mining
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Transportation & service corridors
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|5 Biological resource use
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
 
|6.1 Recreational activities
 
|6.1 Recreational activities
 
|Low
 
|Low
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
+
|7 Natural system modifications
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
+
|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|9 Pollution
 
|9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
 
|9.1 Domestic & urban waste water
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|9 Pollution
 
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
 
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
 
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|9 Pollution
 
|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
 
|9.4 Garbage & solid waste
 
|Medium
 
|Medium
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|
+
|9 Pollution
−
|9.6 Excess energy
+
|9.6 Energy emissions
 
|High
 
|High
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Geological Events
+
|10 Geological events
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+
|11 Climate change & severe weather
 
|
 
|
 
|Unknown
 
|Unknown
−
|
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|12. Other options
+
|12 Other threat
 
|
 
|
 
|Absent
 
|Absent
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|
 
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 
  
−
= Conservation activities =       <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
 +
[[File: BancoNP Credit OIPRCI.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | Banco National Park chimpanzees © OIPRCI]]
 +
= Conservation activities =
  
 
The Banco NP has become a hotspot for education and awareness campaigns for environment conservation in Abidjan. Many NGO regularly organize popular events within the park involving kids, neighboring communities, students, etc.
 
The Banco NP has become a hotspot for education and awareness campaigns for environment conservation in Abidjan. Many NGO regularly organize popular events within the park involving kids, neighboring communities, students, etc.
  
−
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Banco National Park'''
+
'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Banco National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+
!Category
−
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+
!Specific activity
−
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Description
−
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+
!Implementing organization(s)
 +
!Year of activity
 
|-
 
|-
−
|1. Residential & commercial development
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−
|Not reported
+
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|3. Energy production & mining
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|Not reported
+
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|4. Transportation & service corridors
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|Not reported
+
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 +
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|5. Biological resource use
+
|4 Education & awareness
−
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
+
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 +
|
 
|
 
|
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|Ongoing (2021)
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|5 Protection & restoration
 +
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
 
|
 
|
−
|5.9. Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2021)
+
|Ongoing (2024)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 +
 
 +
= Challenges =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Banco National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
 +
!Challenges
 +
!Specific challenges
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
 +
|OIPR n.d.
 
|
 
|
 +
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|4.2 Lack of government support
 +
|OIPR n.d.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|7. Natural system modifications
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 +
|Other (Strong urban pressure)
 +
|OIPR n.d.
 
|
 
|
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
= Enablers =
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Banco National Park'''
 +
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
 +
!Enablers
 +
!Specific enablers
 +
!Source
 +
!Year(s)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+
|1 Site management
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|9. Pollution
+
|2 Resources and capacity
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|10. Education & Awareness
+
|3 Engaged community
−
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2021)
 
−
|-
 
 
|
 
|
−
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2021)
 
 
|-
 
|-
 +
|4 Institutional support
 +
|
 
|
 
|
−
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2021)
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|11. Habitat Protection
+
|5 Ecological context
−
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
 
 
|
 
|
−
|Ongoing (2024)
 
−
|-
 
−
|12. Species Management
 
−
|Not reported
 
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
−
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+
|6 Safety and stability
−
|Not reported
+
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
−
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
 
  
−
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
 
  
−
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Banco National Park'''
+
= Research activities =
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+
 
−
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
+
 
−
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
+
 
−
|-
+
 
−
|Lack of logistical means
+
= Documented behaviours =
−
|OIPR n.d.
 
−
|-
 
−
|Lack of national protection
 
−
|OIPR n.d.
 
−
|-
 
−
|Strong urban pressure
 
−
|OIPR n.d.
 
−
|-
 
−
|}
 
  
−
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
 
  
−
===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
 
  
−
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Banco National Park'''
+
'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Banco National Park'''
−
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
−
!align="left"|Behavior
+
!Behavior
 
!Source
 
!Source
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Not reported
 
|Not reported
 
|
 
|
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
 +
  
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
 
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
  
 
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 
As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.
 +
 
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
 
The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
  
−
'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banco National Park'''
+
'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banco National Park'''
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
−
|
+
!'''Value'''
−
|'''1981-2010'''
+
!'''1981-2010'''
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
+
!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
−
|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
+
!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
+
!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
−
|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
+
!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Mean temperature [°C]
 
|Mean temperature [°C]
Line 406: Line 402:
 
|5.6
 
|5.6
 
|7.6
 
|7.6
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
  
−
'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Banco National Park'''
+
'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Banco National Park'''
−
{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
−
|
+
!'''Type'''
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−
|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
−
|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
−
|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
−
|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
+
!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Crop failure
 
|Crop failure
Line 481: Line 476:
 
|29
 
|29
 
|0.4
 
|0.4
−
|-
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
<div><ul>
+
 
−
<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Banco NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Banco National Park]] </li>
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<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Banco NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Banco National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Banco NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Banco National Park]] </li></ul></div>
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<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Banco NP.png | 450px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Banco National Park]] </li>
+
 
−
</ul></div>
+
= External links =
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
= Relevant datasets =
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
= References =
 
= References =
−
Akaffou, S.V.E, Abrou, N.E.J&M.S. Tiébré (2020). Current and future distribution of Chromolaena odorata(L.) R.M. King & H. Roxb (Compositae) and Hopea odorata Roxb (Dipterocarpaceae) in the Banco national park. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 15, Issue 2 Ser. III (Mar –Apr 2020), PP 06-14<br>
 
−
Bitty, EA, Kadjo B., Gonedele Bi, S. Okon, M.O.and Kouassi, K.P. et al. (2013) Inventaire de la faune mammalogique d’une forêt urbaine, le Parc National du Banco, Côte d’Ivoire. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 7(4): 1678-1687 <br>
 
−
Kouadio, K. I., & Singh, R. Urban Forest BNP in Abidjan.International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET). https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=32326 <br>
 
−
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br>
 
−
OIPR (2021). https://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-reserves/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-du-banco (Accessed, 19.01.2021) <br>
 
  
−
<br>
+
Akaffou, S.V.E, Abrou, N.E.J&M.S. Tiébré (2020). Current and future distribution of Chromolaena odorata(L.) R.M. King & H. Roxb (Compositae) and Hopea odorata Roxb (Dipterocarpaceae) in the Banco national park. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 15, Issue 2 Ser. III (Mar –Apr 2020), PP 06-14
−
'''Page completed by: '''Tene Sop''' Date:''' 18/10/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+
 
 +
Bitty, EA, Kadjo B., Gonedele Bi, S. Okon, M.O.and Kouassi, K.P. et al. (2013) Inventaire de la faune mammalogique d’une forêt urbaine, le Parc National du Banco, Côte d’Ivoire. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 7(4): 1678-1687
 +
 
 +
Kouadio, K. I., & Singh, R. Urban Forest BNP in Abidjan.International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET). https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=32326
 +
 
 +
Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.
 +
 
 +
OIPR (2021). https://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-reserves/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-du-banco (Accessed, 19.01.2021)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Page created by: '''Tene Sop''' Date:''' NA

Latest revision as of 11:05, 24 January 2025

West Africa > Côte d’Ivoire > Banco National Park

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Summary

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Leaflet
  • Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) are present in Banco National Park.
  • It has been estimated that around 26 individuals occur in the site.
  • The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
  • The site has a total size of 34 km².
  • Key threats to chimpanzees are pollution, hunting, and pressure from urban surroundings.
  • Conservation activities have focused on conservation and environmental awareness campaigns and education.
  • The site is surrounded by the capital city of Abidjan.


Site characteristics

The Banco National Park was created in October 1953. It is located in the heart of the Ivorian economic capital, Abidjan, and is bounded by the municipalities of Adjamé, Attécoubé, Abobo, and Yopougon. The surface of the park has shrunk over the years and now covers an area of 3,438 hectares. Being the unique remaining relic of the dense primary forest that once covered the area of Abidjan, Banco National Park is often described as the hydraulic reservoir and green lung of the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire. This protected area is a center for environmental education (OIPR n.d.). The park holds about 600 ha of primary forests; an arboretum of over 800 species of higher plants native to the tropics of Africa, Asia and Latin America; many fish ponds located in the heart of the park, a semi-natural swimming pool, an ecomuseum, and the presence of a family of chimpanzees (OIPR n.d.).

Table 1. Basic site information for Banco National Park

Species Pan troglodytes verus
Area 34 km²
Coordinates Lat: 5.395175 , Lon: -4.052743
Type of site Protected area (National Park)
Habitat types Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land, Urban areas, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Artificial aquatic (water storage)
Type of governance

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Banco National Park chimpanzees © OIPRCI

Ape status

A marked nest count study conducted in the Banco National Park in 2006 confirmed the presence of a small chimpanzee population. Twentysix fresh nests (including single nests and a group of up to 5 nests) were found along transects, and 5 off transects. The population was estimated to be around 20 individuals. In 2006, assistants succeeded several times to directly observe chimpanzees in groups of over ten individuals (WCF n.d.). Visitors of the park sighted ca. 20 chimpanzees in 2013 (Normand, E., personal communication). The manager of the park supports a group of up to 40 chimpanzees, and 3-4 isolated individuals are occasionally seen in the park (Bakayoko, H, pers. com). Based on these corroborating statements, the population of chimpanzees within the site is likely stable or increasing.

Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Banco National Park

Species Year Abundance estimate (95% CI) Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) Encounter rate (nests/km) Area Method Source Comments A.P.E.S. database ID
Pan troglodytes verus 2006 7 (4-14) 0.22 Banco National Park Line transects WCF 2009
Pan troglodytes verus 2013 20 Banco National Park Informed guess Normand, E. personal comm., 2016
Pan troglodytes verus 2021 40-50 Banco National Park Informed guess Bakayoko, Hillihase, personal comm. 2021


Threats

Banco National Park is highly threatened by the neighboring populations, which exert a high pressure on the fauna and flora of the park. Snares are regularly found and poachers caught, illustrating that poaching is very much present within the park. Pollution is a real challenge for the park. The different types of pollution caused by domestic, artisanal, or industrial discharges destroy trees and pollute the land over an average distance of 200 m around the sources of pollution (Kouadio & Singh 2020).

Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Banco National Park

Category Specific threats Threat level Description Year of threat
1 Residential & commercial development 1.1 Residential areas Medium Ongoing (2021)
1 Residential & commercial development 1.2 Commercial & industrial areas Present, but threat severity unknown Ongoing (2021)
2 Agriculture & aquaculture 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops Present, but threat severity unknown Ongoing (2021)
3 Energy production & mining Unknown
4 Transportation & service corridors Unknown
5 Biological resource use 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals High Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants High Ongoing (2021)
5 Biological resource use 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting High Ongoing (2021)
6 Human intrusions & disturbance 6.1 Recreational activities Low Ongoing (2021)
7 Natural system modifications Unknown
8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases 8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species Present, but threat severity unknown Ongoing (2021)
9 Pollution 9.1 Domestic & urban waste water High Ongoing (2021)
9 Pollution 9.2 Industrial & military effluents Present, but threat severity unknown Ongoing (2021)
9 Pollution 9.4 Garbage & solid waste Medium Ongoing (2021)
9 Pollution 9.6 Energy emissions High Ongoing (2021)
10 Geological events Absent
11 Climate change & severe weather Unknown
12 Other threat Absent

IUCN Threats list

Banco National Park chimpanzees © OIPRCI

Conservation activities

The Banco NP has become a hotspot for education and awareness campaigns for environment conservation in Abidjan. Many NGO regularly organize popular events within the park involving kids, neighboring communities, students, etc.

Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Banco National Park

Category Specific activity Description Implementing organization(s) Year of activity
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols Ongoing (2021)
2 Counter-wildlife crime 2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares Ongoing (2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use Ongoing (2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management Ongoing (2021)
4 Education & awareness 4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions Ongoing (2021)
5 Protection & restoration 5.2 Legally protect ape habitat Ongoing (2024)

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Banco National Park

Challenges Specific challenges Source Year(s)
1 Site management 1.2 Need for improved coordination OIPR n.d.
4 Institutional support 4.2 Lack of government support OIPR n.d.
Other (Strong urban pressure) OIPR n.d.


Enablers

Table 6. Enablers reported for Banco National Park

Enablers Specific enablers Source Year(s)
1 Site management
2 Resources and capacity
3 Engaged community
4 Institutional support
5 Ecological context
6 Safety and stability


Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 7. Behaviours documented for Banco National Park

Behavior Source
Not reported


Exposure to climate change impacts

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).

Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Banco National Park

Value 1981-2010 2021-2050, RCP 2.6 2021-2050, RCP 6.0 2071-2099, RCP 2.6 2071-2099, RCP 6.0
Mean temperature [°C] 27 28 27.9 28.1 29.1
Annual precipitation [mm] 1821 1714 1802 1745 1830
Max no. consecutive dry days (per year) 28.9 24.5 26 25.3 30.2
No. days with heavy precipitation (per year) 7 6.2 5.5 5.6 7.6


Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Banco National Park

Type No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6) No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0) % of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
Crop failure 1.5 0.14 0.5 0.2 0.5 0 1 0.72
Drought 0.25 25 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heatwave 14.5 100 15.5 100 20 100 17 100
River flood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0
Tropical cyclone 0.5 0.44 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wildfire 30 0.43 30 0.4 29 0.43 29 0.4


  • Precipitation anomaly in Banco National Park
  • Temperature anomaly in Banco National Park

External links

Relevant datasets

References

Akaffou, S.V.E, Abrou, N.E.J&M.S. Tiébré (2020). Current and future distribution of Chromolaena odorata(L.) R.M. King & H. Roxb (Compositae) and Hopea odorata Roxb (Dipterocarpaceae) in the Banco national park. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 15, Issue 2 Ser. III (Mar –Apr 2020), PP 06-14

Bitty, EA, Kadjo B., Gonedele Bi, S. Okon, M.O.and Kouassi, K.P. et al. (2013) Inventaire de la faune mammalogique d’une forêt urbaine, le Parc National du Banco, Côte d’Ivoire. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 7(4): 1678-1687

Kouadio, K. I., & Singh, R. Urban Forest BNP in Abidjan.International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET). https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=32326

Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.

OIPR (2021). https://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-reserves/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-du-banco (Accessed, 19.01.2021)


Page created by: Tene Sop Date: NA

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