Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
Summary
- Central Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) are present in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park.
- It has been estimated that 675 individuals occur in the site.
- The orangutan population trend is unknown.
- The site has a total size of 1,810 km².
- Key threats to orangutans are illegal logging and hunting.
- Conservation activities have focused on providing affordable healthcare, monitoring of illegal activities by community members, reintroduction of orangutans.
- The site is a release site for rehabilitated orangutans.
Site characteristics
Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park is located on the Schwaner mountains between West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, Indonesia. The land is dominated by lower mountain forest, lowland evergreen forest and upper mountain forest (BirdLife International 2022).
Table 1. Basic site information for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
| Area | 1,810 km² |
| Coordinates | -0.662290 S, 112.677723 E |
| Designation | National Park |
| Habitat types | Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest |
Ape status
Based on the 2007-2017 Indonesian Action Plan, the estimated orangutan population in Bukit Baka (350 sq km) was 175 individuals, and in Bukit Raya (500 sq km) 500 individuals (Ministry of Forestry 2009).
Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
| Species | Year | Abundance estimate (95% CI) | Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI) | Encounter rate (nests/km) | Area | Method | Source | Comments | A.P.E.S. database ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii |
Threats
Illegal logging and hunting represent primary sources of income for neighbouring communities (Finley 2019).
Table 3. Threats to apes in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
| Category | Specific threats | Threat level | Quantified severity | Description | Year of threat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Unknown | ||||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | 2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops | High | Slash-and-burn rice cultivation, rubber tree plantations (Finley 2019). | Ongoing (2019) | |
| 3. Energy production & mining | Unknown | ||||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Unknown | ||||
| 5. Biological resource use | 5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals | High | Illegal hunting (Finley 2019). | Ongoing (2019) | |
| 5.3 Logging & wood harvesting | High | Illegal logging (Finley 2019). | Ongoing (2019) | ||
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Unknown | ||||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Unknown | ||||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Unknown | ||||
| 9. Pollution | Unknown | ||||
| 10. Geological Events | Absent | ||||
| 11. Climate change & severe weather | Unknown | ||||
| 12. Other options | Absent |
Conservation activities
The park is a critical release site for rehabilitated orangutans.
Table 4. Conservation activities in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
| Category | Specific activity | Description | Year of activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Residential & commercial development | Not reported | ||
| 2. Agriculture & aquaculture | Not reported | ||
| 3. Energy production & mining | Not reported | ||
| 4. Transportation & service corridors | Not reported | ||
| 5. Biological resource use | Not reported | ||
| 6. Human intrusion & disturbance | Not reported | ||
| 7. Natural system modifications | Not reported | ||
| 8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases | Not reported | ||
| 9. Pollution | Not reported | ||
| 10. Education & Awareness | 10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management | Health in Harmony selected nine community members to become “forest guardians” who monitor illegal logging activity and help their neighbours access health services (Finley 2019). | Ongoing (2019) |
| 11. Habitat Protection | 11.2. Legally protect primate habitat | The site is classified as a National Park. | Ongoing (2022) |
| 12. Species Management | 12.16. Reintroduce primates as single/multiple individuals | Since 2016, the Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation has worked in collaboration with the National Park authorities, the Central Kalimantan BKSDA, and USAID LESTARI to facilitate the release of rehabilitated orangutans, and three wild orangutans that were translocated from conflict areas (BOS Foundation). | Ongoing |
| 13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives | 13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development) | Health In Harmony provides accessible and affordable healthcare, as well as workshops in composting and soil regeneration (Health in Harmony). | Ongoing |
Challenges
Table 5. Challenges reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
| Challenge | Source |
|---|---|
| Not reported |
Research activities
Documented behaviours
Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
| Behavior | Source |
|---|---|
| Not reported |
External links
Relevant datasets
References
BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2022.
Finley, N. (2019, June 12). Out on a limb: Unlikely collaboration boosts orangutans in Borneo. Mongabay Series: Great Apes. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/06/out-on-a-limb-unlikely-collaboration-boosts-orangutans-in-borneo/
Ministry of Forestry. (2009). Orangutan Indonesia Conservation Strategies and Action Plan 2007-2017. Jakarta, Indonesia. https://www.iucngreatapes.org/_files/ugd/16b29f_747d55ccae744ecfba2b86c42ef64cc0.pdf
Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 18/02/2022