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<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Okapi Wildlife Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Okapi Wildlife Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 8,802 individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 13,700 km².
* Armed groups involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting are the most concerning threat to chimpanzees and other wildlife in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve.
* Conservation activities at the site include anti-poaching patrols.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Established in 1992, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve occupies about one-fifth of the Ituri forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ([https://www.okapiconservation.org/the-reserve/ Okapi Conservation Project]). The reserve was declared a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO World Heritage Site] in 1996, and it is also an Important Bird Area, with nearly 400 bird species recorded (BirdLife International 2020). The site is one of the largest blocks of intact forest remaining in the Congo Basin. The forest is important for the Mbuti and Efé pygmies, who live here as hunter-gatherers (BirdLife International 2020; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO]). The reserve is famous for being home to the largest population of the endemic okapi, Okapia johnstoni (BirdLife International 2020; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO]). The reserve supports other mammals of global conservation, including eastern chimpanzees, forest elephants, water chevrotains, aquatic genets, bongos, Hamlyn's monkeys, and mountain monkeys (BirdLife International 2020). The site is also notably rich in butterfly species (BirdLife International 2020).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|13,700 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.758921 N, 28.504352 E
|-
|Designation
|Wildlife Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2009
|8,802
|0.62
|
|14,157 sq. km
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The presence of armed militia involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting is one of the most concerning threats to the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. In 2012, armed rebel groups brutally attacked the headquarters of the reserve, killing six people and 14 captive okapis (Dasgupta 2019). Immigration is also a serious threat, as the RN4 road, which bisects the southern part of the reserve was rehabilitated, allowing easy access to pristine forests ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Illegal gold mining. Miners often depend on bushmeat (Dasgupta 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which bisects the southern part of the reserve from east to west facilitated access to the forest ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Hunting for bushmeat, linked to illegal mining activities ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Illegal logging and clearing of forest by immigrants (Dasgupta 2019; [https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High
|
|Armed militia involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
In 2019 an agreement was reached to manage the Okapi Wildlife Reserve between Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Government’s Nature Conservation Agency, ICCN ([https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/13167/New-hope-for-the-Okapi-Wildlife-Reserve-a-wildlife-haven-under-threat-in-in-the-heart-of-the-Congo-rainforest.aspx WCS]).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Rangers walk up to 20 days a month to patrol the forest ([https://www.okapiconservation.org/wildlife-protection/ Okapi Conservation Project]).
|Ongoing
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as a Wildlife Reserve.
|Ongoing
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of logistical means
|BirdLife International 2020
|-
|Civil unrest
|[https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
A research project has been based at Epulu since the early 1980s and has been supported since 1986 by the Wildlife Conservation Society. Besides conducting the first study of Okapi in the wild, this project has included long-term studies of natural and selectively-logged forest and research into the socio-economic impact of human migration (BirdLife International 2020).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Making ground nests
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|-
|Smashing large snails
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|-
|Smashing tortoises
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO Okapi Wildlife Reserve]<br>
[https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN World Heritage Outlook]<br>
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp <br>
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Okapi Faunal Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020. <br>
Dasgupta, S. (2019). DRC’s Okapi Wildlife Reserve gets new management partner in WCS. Retrieved 30 December 2020 from Mongabay.com. Web site: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/10/drcs-okapi-wildlife-reserve-gets-new-management-partner-in-wcs/# <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 08/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
1) Table structure cannot be changed.
2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
-->
[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Okapi Wildlife Reserve]]
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Okapi Wildlife Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 8,802 individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 13,700 km².
* Armed groups involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting are the most concerning threat to chimpanzees and other wildlife in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve.
* Conservation activities at the site include anti-poaching patrols.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
Established in 1992, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve occupies about one-fifth of the Ituri forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ([https://www.okapiconservation.org/the-reserve/ Okapi Conservation Project]). The reserve was declared a [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO World Heritage Site] in 1996, and it is also an Important Bird Area, with nearly 400 bird species recorded (BirdLife International 2020). The site is one of the largest blocks of intact forest remaining in the Congo Basin. The forest is important for the Mbuti and Efé pygmies, who live here as hunter-gatherers (BirdLife International 2020; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO]). The reserve is famous for being home to the largest population of the endemic okapi, Okapia johnstoni (BirdLife International 2020; [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO]). The reserve supports other mammals of global conservation, including eastern chimpanzees, forest elephants, water chevrotains, aquatic genets, bongos, Hamlyn's monkeys, and mountain monkeys (BirdLife International 2020). The site is also notably rich in butterfly species (BirdLife International 2020).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
|13,700 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|1.758921 N, 28.504352 E
|-
|Designation
|Wildlife Reserve
|-
|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
! Species
! Year
! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
! Encounter rate (nests/km)
! Area
! Method
! Source
! Comments
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2009
|8,802
|0.62
|
|14,157 sq. km
|Index survey (reconnaissance walk)
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|
|
|}
= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
The presence of armed militia involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting is one of the most concerning threats to the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. In 2012, armed rebel groups brutally attacked the headquarters of the reserve, killing six people and 14 captive okapis (Dasgupta 2019). Immigration is also a serious threat, as the RN4 road, which bisects the southern part of the reserve was rehabilitated, allowing easy access to pristine forests ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Illegal gold mining. Miners often depend on bushmeat (Dasgupta 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Rehabilitation of the RN4 road, which bisects the southern part of the reserve from east to west facilitated access to the forest ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Hunting for bushmeat, linked to illegal mining activities ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing
|-
|
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present, but threat severity is unknown
|
|Illegal logging and clearing of forest by immigrants (Dasgupta 2019; [https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High
|
|Armed militia involved in illegal mining, logging and hunting ([https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]).
|Ongoing
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|10. Geological Events
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
| 11. Climate change & severe weather
|
|Unknown
|
|
|
|-
|12. Other options
|
|Absent
|
|
|
|-
|}
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
In 2019 an agreement was reached to manage the Okapi Wildlife Reserve between Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Government’s Nature Conservation Agency, ICCN ([https://newsroom.wcs.org/News-Releases/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/13167/New-hope-for-the-Okapi-Wildlife-Reserve-a-wildlife-haven-under-threat-in-in-the-heart-of-the-Congo-rainforest.aspx WCS]).
'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
|-
|1. Residential & commercial development
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Rangers walk up to 20 days a month to patrol the forest ([https://www.okapiconservation.org/wildlife-protection/ Okapi Conservation Project]).
|Ongoing
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|9. Pollution
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
|The site is designated as a Wildlife Reserve.
|Ongoing
|-
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|
|
|-
|}
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|Lack of logistical means
|BirdLife International 2020
|-
|Civil unrest
|[https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN]
|-
|}
= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
A research project has been based at Epulu since the early 1980s and has been supported since 1986 by the Wildlife Conservation Society. Besides conducting the first study of Okapi in the wild, this project has included long-term studies of natural and selectively-logged forest and research into the socio-economic impact of human migration (BirdLife International 2020).
===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Okapi Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
!align="left"|Behavior
!Source
|-
|Making ground nests
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|-
|Smashing large snails
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|-
|Smashing tortoises
|Plumptre et al. 2010
|-
|}
=External links=
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/718/ UNESCO Okapi Wildlife Reserve]<br>
[https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/124389 IUCN World Heritage Outlook]<br>
===Relevant datasets===
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp <br>
BirdLife International (2020) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Okapi Faunal Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 30/12/2020. <br>
Dasgupta, S. (2019). DRC’s Okapi Wildlife Reserve gets new management partner in WCS. Retrieved 30 December 2020 from Mongabay.com. Web site: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/10/drcs-okapi-wildlife-reserve-gets-new-management-partner-in-wcs/# <br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 08/01/2021 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->