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no edit summary
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
* Eastern hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock leuconedys'') and Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
* Western hoolock gibbons (''Hoolock hoolock'') are present in Assam.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The population size is unknown.
* The eastern hoolock gibbon population trend is decreasing.
* The gibbon population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
* The site has a total size of 78,438 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
* Key threats to gibbons are habitat encroachment and illegal logging.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
* Conservation activities include education and awareness raising, and supporting communities near forests with alternative income sources such as beekeeping and mushroom cultivation.
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
The state of Assam is located in northeast India, comprising two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan (Mazumder 2014). The area is a flat plain that gradually slopes from north to south, with vegetation characterised by tropical wet evergreen forest (Mazmuder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).
The state of Assam is located in northeast India and comprises two global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma and the Himalayan hotspots (Mazumder 2014). The region is a stronghold for 12 primate species: Bengal slow loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'', Rhesus macaque ''Macaca mulatta'', Assamese macaque ''Macaca assamensis'', pig-tailed macaque ''Macaca leonina'', stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'', Tibetan macaque ''Macaca thibetana'', white-cheeked macaque ''Macaca luecogenys'', capped langur ''Trachypithecus pileatus'', golden langur ''Trachypithecus geei'', Phayre’s langur ''Trachypithecus phayrei'', western hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'', and eastern hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock leuconedys'' (Chetry et al. 2021).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Assam'''
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
|25.521581 N, 93.051847 E
|25.521581, 93.051847
|-
|-
|Designation
|Designation
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 eastern hoolock gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups were also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).
In 2009, Chetry et al. (2012) recorded 33 gibbons in 10 groups based on direct sightings in the reserve forests of Hal logaon, Kukurmara, and Kundil Kalia (Chetry et al. 2021). In 2019, 17 individuals in seven groups in these three reserve forests were recorded, indicating a 48.5% population decline. The number of groups was also reduced from 26 (direct observations and call-count) in 2009 to 11 in 2019 (Chetry et al. 2021). In this time frame there was also a 18.75% increase in the proportion of adults to immatures, indicating reduced recruitment and population decline (Chetry et al. 2021).
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Assam'''
'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Assam'''
! A.P.E.S. database ID
! A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Hoolock leuconedys''
|''Hoolock hoolock''
|2019
|2019
|17
|17
|High
|High
|
|
|Encroachment due to expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021).
|Habitat encroachment due to development activities and expansion of human settlements (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
|High
|High
|
|
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture (Chetry et al. 2021). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
|Encroachment due to expansion of land for agriculture, including ginger and orange cultivation (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023). Jhum cultivation (a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation) has devastated large forest covers through the creation of canopy gaps and depletion of food (Mazumder 2014).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|
|
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|Livestock grazing (Chertry et al. 2021).
|Livestock grazing (Chetry et al. 2021, Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|3. Energy production & mining
|3. Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|Unknown
|Coal mining (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|
|-
|-
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4. Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High
|
|
|Unknown
|Expansion of roads and railroads cause habitat fragmentation and further encroachment (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|
|
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014).
|In certain places in southern Assam poachers specifically hunt these primates for their skin, hides, bones, skull, etc. (Mazumder 2014). Hunting is ongoing in remote areas of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2014)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|
|
|High
|High
|
|
|Selective illegal logging of certain species, including Uriam Bischoffia javanica, Simalu Bombax ceiba, Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa, and Titasopa Michelia champaca is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats (Chetry et al. 2021). Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021).
|Illegal logging of certain species, including ''Uriam Bischoffia javanica'', ''Simalu Bombax ceiba'', ''Halakh Termina lia myriocarpa'', and ''Titasopa Michelia champaca'' is causing canopy loss and creating fragments within the existing habitats. Exploitation for firewood has also been documented (Chertry et al. 2021). Illegal logging is ongoing (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|-
|-
|7. Natural system modifications
|7. Natural system modifications
|
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
|
|Hydroelectric projects are planned in the area (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
|-
|-
|5. Biological resource use
|5. Biological resource use
|Not reported
|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
|Forest department conducts patrols in protected areas in the state of Assam (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
|-
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|10. Education & Awareness
|Not reported
|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
|
|NGO Aaranyak organizes talks in schools and universities and promotes visits to sanctuaries to see gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|10. Education & Awareness
|Other
|Aaranyak organizes nature guide training for people in fringe areas, living near forest habitats, as well as capacity building for forest staff (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|11. Habitat Protection
|11. Habitat Protection
|-
|-
|12. Species Management
|12. Species Management
|Not reported
|Other
|
|Translocation of gibbons from small forest fragments to larger areas by [https://www.wti.org.in/news/endangered-gibbons-translocated-to-safety-in-india/ Wild Trust of India] and the Forest Department of Arunachal Pradesh (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
|Not reported
|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)
|
|Aaranyak supports alternative income generation through the distribution of handlooms, beekeeping and mushroom cultivation training, as well as poultry and ducks (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
|}
|}
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
Lack of long-term funding for continuity of conservation activities and lack of a national gibbon action plan, which exists for other endangered species in the country, but not for gibbons (Chetry pers. comm. 2023).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Assam'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Assam'''
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
|-
|-
|Not reported
|Lack of long-term funding
|
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
|-
|Lack of national action plan
|Chetry pers. comm. 2023
|-
|-
|}
|}
=External links=
=External links=
[https://aaranyak.org/default.asp Aaranyak]
[http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/database/archiveMap A.P.E.S Portal]
= References =
= References =
<br>
<br>
'''Page completed by: '''A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 21/01/2022 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
'''Page completed by: '''Dilip Chetry & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 04/10/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->