Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

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Summary

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• Central Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) are present in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park.
• It has been estimated that 675 individuals occur in the site.
• The orangutan population trend is unknown.
• The site has a total size of 1,810 km².
• Key threats to orangutans are illegal logging and hunting.
• Conservation activities have focused on providing affordable healthcare, monitoring of illegal activities by community members, reintroduction of orangutans.
• The site is a release site for rehabilitated orangutans.

Site characteristics

Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park is located on the Schwaner mountains between West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, Indonesia. The land is dominated by lower mountain forest, lowland evergreen forest and upper mountain forest (BirdLife International 2022).

Table 1. Basic site information for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Area	1,810 km²
Coordinates	-0.662290 S, 112.677723 E
Designation	National Park
Habitat types	Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical/tropical moist montane forest

IUCN habitat categories Site designations

Ape status

Based on the 2007-2017 Indonesian Action Plan, the estimated orangutan population in Bukit Baka (350 sq km) was 175 individuals, and in Bukit Raya (500 sq km) 500 individuals (Ministry of Forestry 2009).

Table 2. Ape population estimates in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Species	Year	Abundance estimate (95% CI)	Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)	Encounter rate (nests/km)	Area	Method	Source	Comments	A.P.E.S. database ID
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii

Threats

Illegal logging and hunting represent primary sources of income for neighbouring communities (Finley 2019).

Table 3. Threats to apes in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Category	Specific threats	Threat level	Quantified severity	Description	Year of threat
1. Residential & commercial development		Unknown
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops	High		Slash-and-burn rice cultivation, rubber tree plantations (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
3. Energy production & mining		Unknown
4. Transportation & service corridors		Unknown
5. Biological resource use	5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals	High		Illegal hunting (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
	5.3 Logging & wood harvesting	High		Illegal logging (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
6. Human intrusion & disturbance		Unknown
7. Natural system modifications		Unknown
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases		Unknown
9. Pollution		Unknown
10. Geological Events		Absent
11. Climate change & severe weather		Unknown
12. Other options		Absent

IUCN Threats list

Conservation activities

The park is a critical release site for rehabilitated orangutans.

Table 4. Conservation activities in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Category	Specific activity	Description	Year of activity
1. Residential & commercial development	Not reported
2. Agriculture & aquaculture	Not reported
3. Energy production & mining	Not reported
4. Transportation & service corridors	Not reported
5. Biological resource use	Not reported
6. Human intrusion & disturbance	Not reported
7. Natural system modifications	Not reported
8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases	Not reported
9. Pollution	Not reported
10. Education & Awareness	10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management	Health in Harmony selected nine community members to become “forest guardians” who monitor illegal logging activity and help their neighbours access health services (Finley 2019).	Ongoing (2019)
11. Habitat Protection	11.2. Legally protect primate habitat	The site is classified as a National Park.	Ongoing (2022)
12. Species Management	12.16. Reintroduce primates as single/multiple individuals	Since 2016, the Borneo Orangutan Survival (BOS) Foundation has worked in collaboration with the National Park authorities, the Central Kalimantan BKSDA, and USAID LESTARI to facilitate the release of rehabilitated orangutans, and three wild orangutans that were translocated from conflict areas (BOS Foundation).	Ongoing
13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives	13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)	Health In Harmony provides accessible and affordable healthcare, as well as workshops in composting and soil regeneration (Health in Harmony).	Ongoing

Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)

Challenges

Table 5. Challenges reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Challenge	Source
Not reported

Research activities

Documented behaviours

Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park

Behavior	Source
Not reported

External links

Relevant datasets

A.P.E.S Portal

References

BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/02/2022.
Finley, N. (2019, June 12). Out on a limb: Unlikely collaboration boosts orangutans in Borneo. Mongabay Series: Great Apes. Online: https://news.mongabay.com/2019/06/out-on-a-limb-unlikely-collaboration-boosts-orangutans-in-borneo/
Ministry of Forestry. (2009). Orangutan Indonesia Conservation Strategies and Action Plan 2007-2017. Jakarta, Indonesia. https://www.iucngreatapes.org/_files/ugd/16b29f_747d55ccae744ecfba2b86c42ef64cc0.pdf

Page completed by: A.P.E.S. Wiki team Date: 18/02/2022