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−<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR UPLOADING SITE INFORMATION
−- Wiki pages contain information in paragraphs, tables, lists, and images.
−- Text and images are not restricted, and their formats can be chosen as desired.
−- Tables and lists are extracted as data, so the following restrictions apply to them:
− 1) Table structure cannot be changed.
− 2) List format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
− 3) To make information comparable across wiki pages, keywords must be taken from the list of permitted words, or added to the list of permitted keywords. This is why we use official lists, e.g., IUCN classification lists, in our tables.
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−[[File: Orangutan_eating_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−
+
−= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
−
−
−
−!Quantified severity <!-- Enter any available quantification of the threat, e.g., the proportion of the area affected by the threat, hunting sign encounter rates-->+|
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−|-
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
−= Conservation activities = <!-- A summary of the conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->+<div><ul> +<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Main_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | View to feeding platforms © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
−<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Tourists_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
−<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: visitor_center_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |© Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
−</ul></div>
|Not reported+|+|
−|-
−|
−|
−|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
−|Not reported
−|
|-
−|5. Biological resource use
−|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−|Regular patrols to monitor orangutans, secure the reserve from trespassing and poaching (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|
−|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
−|Not reported
−|
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−|8.9. Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated animals
−|Tourists are only allowed to watch orangutans twice a day for two hours each time (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
−|-
−|9. Pollution
−|Not reported
|
−|-
−|10. Education & Awareness
−|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
|Ongoing (2023)
−|-
|12.6. Regularly and continuously provide supplementary food to primates
−|Supplementary food is provided everyday twice a day (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|-
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
−
+===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
−
−
+
+|-
+
+
+
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Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/<br>
−Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.<br>
−Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
−Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.<br>
−Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/ <br>
−<br>+
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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
−= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with one sentence for each section. May include a site map -->
+'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Semenggoh_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
−<div style="float: right">
+{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
+__TOC__
−|1.392031, 110.299506~[[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]~Northwest Bornean orangutans
+= Summary =
−}}
+</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|1.392031, 110.299506~[[Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]~Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus}}</div>
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Semenggoh Nature Reserve.
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
* 27 individuals occur in the site.
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* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
* Conservation activities have focused on orangutan rehabilitation, ecotourism, raising awareness and education.
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
* Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site.
−<div><ul>
+<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan2_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Orangutan2_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: road_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | Road to visitor center © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]</ul></div>
−<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: road_Semenggoh.jpg | 200px | thumb| right | Road to visitor center © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+= Site characteristics =
−</ul></div>
+= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
−The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily. In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
The nature reserve is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, in the northwest of Borneo. The site was first designated as a Forest Reserve in 1920 and subsequently used as a botanical research plot ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). In 1975 the Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was established as part of the reserve, with the aim of rehabilitating orangutans and other wildlife species in Sarawak ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]). Semenggoh Forest Reserve was declared as Semenggoh Nature Reserve in 2000. In the same year, the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was renamed as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre. The name is derived from the Semenggoh river, which runs through the reserve. Semi-wild orangutans inhabit the site; they spend most of the time roaming freely in the forest, but occasionally visit feeding platforms that are provisioned daily. In addition to orangutans, the site is also home to giant squirrels, pygmy squirrels, gibbons and a wide variety of birds ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+|Species
+|Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
+|-
+|Area
|6.53 km²
|6.53 km²
|-
|-
|Coordinates
|Coordinates
−|1.392031, 110.299506
+|Lat: 1.392031 , Lon: 110.299506
|-
|-
−|Designation
+|Type of site
−|Nature Reserve
+|Protected area (Nature Reserve)
|-
|-
−|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (without number), see link below -->
+|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
+|-
+|Type of governance
+|
|}
|}
−= Ape status = <!--An overview of ape population status (population sizes, trends, etc.), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->
+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
+[[File: Orangutan_eating_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+= Ape status =
+'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−! Species
+!Species
−! Year
+!Year
−! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−! Area
+!Area
−! Method
+!Method
−! Source
+!Source
−! Comments
+!Comments
−! A.P.E.S. database ID
+!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2016
|2016
|27
|27
−|
+|
|
|
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
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|2023
|2023
|29
|29
−|
+|
|
|
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
|Semenggoh Nature Reserve
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|}
|}
−'''Table 3. Threats to apes in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+= Threats =
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE THREAT CATEGORIES -->
+!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the IUCN list linked below -->
+!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: low, medium, high, present, absent, unknown-->
+'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Category
−!Year of threat <!-- Enter specific year(s), “ongoing”, or “unknown”. If the threat is ongoing, please add the year of reference in parentheses -->
+!Specific threats
+!Threat level
+!Description
+!Year of threat
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|1 Residential & commercial development
−|1.1 Housing & urban areas
+|1.1 Residential areas
|High
|High
−|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
|Habitat encroachment due to housing developments around the site, which also increase forest fragmentation (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|3 Energy production & mining
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
+|4 Transportation & service corridors
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|5. Biological resource use
+|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−|Poaching (Ali 2021).
|Poaching (Ali 2021).
|Ongoing (2021)
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
+|7 Natural system modifications
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−|8.5 Viral/prion-induced diseases
+|8.4 Pathogens
|Present, but threat severity unknown
|Present, but threat severity unknown
−|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021), and pulmonary diseases (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|Risk of infection due to human presence, including Covid-19 (Ali 2021), and pulmonary diseases (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|9 Pollution
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|10. Geological Events
+|10 Geological events
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+|11 Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|12. Other options
+|12 Other threat
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
−|}
|}
−[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
−= Conservation activities =
−A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. The wildlife centre is active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
A rehabilitation program for orangutans was created at the site in 1975. By 1990 there was a growing population of semi-wild orangutans. Due to the small size of the site, the rehabilitation program was moved to Matang Wildlife Centre in 1998. The wildlife centre is active in conservation awareness and education for schools and the public (Tisen & Silang 2016).
−'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−!align="left"|Category <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE CATEGORIES -->
+!Category
−!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list from the list linked below, OR enter “Not reported” -->
+!Specific activity
−!Description <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Description
−!Year of activity <!-- Add descriptive information -->
+!Implementing organization(s)
+!Year of activity
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|Not reported
+|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−|
+|Regular patrols to monitor orangutans, secure the reserve from trespassing and poaching (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|
|
+|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|3 Species health
−|3.3 Limit time that researchers/tourists are allowed to spend with habituated apes
−|Tourists are only allowed to watch orangutans twice a day for two hours each time (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
−|3. Energy production & mining
−|Not reported
−|
|
−|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusion & disturbance
+|3 Species health
−|Not reported
+|3.10 Treat sick/injured apes
−|
+|In case of illness/injury, a veterinarian is available (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
−|
|
−|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+|4 Education & awareness
−|8.16. Treat sick/injured animals
+|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−| In case of illness/injury, a veterinarian is available (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+|The wildlife centre is active in nature and wildlife awareness programs for schools and the public ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
−|
|
−|Ongoing
|Ongoing
|-
|-
−|11. Habitat Protection
+|5 Protection & restoration
−|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
+|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a nature reserve.
|The site is a nature reserve.
+|
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|12. Species Management
+|6 Species management
−|12.24. Rehabilitate injured/orphaned primates
+|6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
|Care of orangutans that have been injured in the forests, orphaned or kept illegally as pets. After rehabilitation, the animals would eventually be released back into the wild ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
+|
|1975-2000
|1975-2000
|-
|-
−|12. Species Management
+|6 Species management
−|Other
+|6.4 Provide supplementary food for apes
−|Planting of fruit trees for orangutans (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+|Supplementary food is provided everyday twice a day (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
−|
|
−|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|-
−|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
+|8 Permanent presence
−|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
+|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
|The site is open to tourists and offers ecotourism activities ([https://semenggoh.my/about-us/ SFC]).
+|
|Ongoing (2023)
|Ongoing (2023)
−|}
|}
−= Challenges = <!-- Overview of challenges in ape conservation -->
+[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
−[[File: feeding_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |© Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Main_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | View to feeding platforms © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Tourists_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right | © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: visitor_center_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |© Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]</ul></div>
+= Challenges =
+Ecotourism at the site brings both benefits and challenges; the main challenge is to ensure large numbers of tourists stay at the permitted distance from orangutans in the occasions when orangutans appear by the road in the reserve and not on the feeding platforms (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
Ecotourism at the site brings both benefits and challenges; the main challenge is to ensure large numbers of tourists stay at the permitted distance from orangutans in the occasions when orangutans appear by the road in the reserve and not on the feeding platforms (Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
+!Challenges
−!Source <!-- Source for challenge mentioned -->
+!Specific challenges
+!Source
+!Year(s)
|-
|-
−|Ensure tourists follow the rules when visiting.
+|4 Institutional support
+|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|(Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
|(Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini pers. comm. 2023).
+|
+|}
+
+[[File: feeding_platform_Semenggoh.jpg | 300px | thumb| right |© Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
+= Enablers =
+
+
+
+'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
+!Enablers
+!Specific enablers
+!Source
+!Year(s)
+|-
+|1 Site management
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|2 Resources and capacity
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|3 Engaged community
+|
+|
+|
|-
|-
+|4 Institutional support
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|5 Ecological context
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|6 Safety and stability
+|
+|
+|
|}
|}
−= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+= Research activities =
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
A few studies have been conducted on the ecology and behavior of orangutans at Semenggoh, e.g., Wesley (2001) on the activity budget on orangutans, and Mohd-Rahmantullah (2001) on nesting ecology.
−'''Table 6. Ape behaviors reported for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+= Documented behaviours =
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+!align="left"|Behavior
+'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Semenggoh Nature Reserve'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
+!Behavior
!Source
!Source
|-
|-
|Not reported
|Not reported
|
|
−|}
|}
−=External links=
+= Exposure to climate change impacts =
+= External links =
+[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
[https://semenggoh.my/ Semenggoh Nature Reserve]]
+
+= Relevant datasets =
+
= References =
= References =
−Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC). (n.d.). Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Online: https://semenggoh.my/about-us/
−'''Page completed by: '''Muhammad Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' 14/09/2023 <!-- If you don't want to add your name, you can add "A.P.E.S. Wiki team" -->
+Tisen, O.B. & Silang, S. (2016). Orangutan Conservation in Sarawak, Malaysia.15th National Peat Congress, 2016; Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abstract No: A-394.
+Mohd-Rahmatullah, M. H. (2001). Nesting ecology of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Sarawak. Thesis (undergraduate), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.
+Wesley, M. N. (2001). Activity budget of mother-infant pairs of semi-wild orangutans at Semenggoh Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre. Thesis (undergraduate) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan.
+Ali, N.S. (2021, Oct., 2). Not just survival of the fittest for orangutans in Sarawak reserve. Malaysia Now. https://www.malaysianow.com/news/2021/10/02/not-just-survival-of-the-fittest-for-orangutans-in-sarawak-reserve/
+'''Page created by: '''Muhammad Azizi Bin Ahmad Zaini & A.P.E.S. Wiki team''' Date:''' NA