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−<!-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INFORMATION
−- Wiki site pages contain information in paragraphs of text, tables, keyword lists, and images
−- Text paragraphs and images are not restricted, so text format and images can be chosen as desired.
−- Tables and keyword lists are extracted as data, and so have the following restrictions:
− 1) Table structure cannot be changed
− 2) Keyword format should not change, i.e. they are comma separated lists, not bullet points or numbered lists.
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− to the relevant table or keyword list. This ensures that the same keyword always refers to the same concept, e.g. Everybody uses "Industrial mining",
− rather than several keywords such as "Industrial mining", "Large-scale mining", and "Mining". [[File: Map_CIV_TaiNP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © A.P.E.S. Wiki Team]]
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−<!-- Please add information for this site -->
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Taï National Park is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites. Since 1979, the behavior and ecology of chimpanzees has been studied by the [https://www.eva.mpg.de/primat/research-groups/chimpanzees/field-sites/tai-chimpanzee-project.html Taï Chimpanzee Project]. Research has also been ongoing for several decades at the [https://www.taimonkeys.org/#! Taï Monkey Project]. Taï National Park is managed by the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves (OIPR). There are two eco-tourism sites, one near the town of Taï (managed by WCF, www.ecotourismetai.com) and one near Djouroutou Ecotel Touraco (managed by a private manager, Mr. Louis DIAKITE).
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−= Ape status = <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->+Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the [https://www.wildchimps.org/index.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF)]. Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019). +
−
+While human population density was low in the 1970s when the park was created it has grown considerably afterwards, resulting in increasing pressure on the park, especially since the arrival of refugees from Liberia during the civil war (BirdLife International 2019). All forest around Taï has been cleared. +
− +!Quantified severity <!-- e.g., encounter rate, number of miners etc. (with reference)-->+|
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|3 abandoned and 1 active mining sites (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
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|29 gunshots heard, 38 snares and 81 cartridges found (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
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[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
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−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
−|2.10. Certify farms and market their products as ‘primate friendly’
−|support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018)
|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
−|Absent
−|
−|
−|-
−|5. Biological resource use
−|5.6. Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−|anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018)
|5.15. Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g. SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols
−|anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018)
|Absent+|+|7. Natural system modifications
−|Absent
−|
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
−|8.7. Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
−|mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|8.8. Keep safety distance to habituated animals
−|minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|8.10. Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
−|quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|8.12. Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
−|visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|8.13. Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.
−|‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|8.20. Implement continuous health monitoring with permanent vet on site
−|veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|8.22. Detect & report dead primates and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission
−|done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|-
−|10. Education & Awareness
−|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use
−|environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management
−|people hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)
|10.4. Regularly play TV & radio announcements to raise primate conservation awareness
−|several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)
|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
−|theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
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−|-
−|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives
−|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
−|3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)
|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
−|2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager
−|Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018
|-
[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
−
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+===Documented behaviours=== <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->
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|+|'''1981-2010'''+|'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''+|'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''+|'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''+|'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''+|-
|+|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''+|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''+|'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''+|'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''+|-
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[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Taï National Park]]
[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Taï National Park]]
−= Summary = <!-- An overview of the site, with a one-sentence overview of each of the following sections. can include a site map -->
+'''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Taï_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Taï_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Taï_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Taï_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://wiki-iucnapesportal-org.translate.goog/index.php/Taï_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''
−<div style="float: right">
+{{#display_map: height=200px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap
+__TOC__
−|5.77, -7.12~[[Taï National Park]]~Western Chimpanzee
+= Summary =
−}}
+</div>
+<div style="float: right">{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers= OpenStreetMap, OpenTopoMap|5.77, -7.12~[[Taï National Park]]~Pan troglodytes verus}}</div>
−* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Taï National Park.
+* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Taï National Park.
−* It has been estimated that 406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.
+* It has been estimated that 406 (CI: 265-623) individuals occur at the site.
−* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
+* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
* This site has a total size of 5,0812 km².
−* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
+* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and diseases.
* A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
* A range of conservation activities are implemented, including permanent presence of researchers and tourists, anti-poaching patrols, environmental education and measures to prevent disease transmission to chimpanzees.
−* Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.
+* Taï National Park is the largest remaining forest block in the Upper Guinea Region and is home to one of the longest-running chimpanzee research sites.
+[[File: CIV_Tai_chimpanzee_Sonja_Metzger_WCF.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzees, Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © Sonja Metzger/WCF]]
[[File: CIV_Tai_chimpanzee_Sonja_Metzger_WCF.jpg | 400px | thumb| right | Chimpanzees, Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire) © Sonja Metzger/WCF]]
−= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->
+= Site characteristics =
−Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195 UNESCO 2019a]). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (''Agelastes meleagrides'') and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (''Anomalurus peli''), forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana ''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra''), and Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''). Reptile species include (''Crocodylus cataphractus'') and African dwarf crocodile (''Osteolaemus tetraspis''), Home's hinge-back tortoise (''Kinixys homeana'').
+Taï National Park (IUCN category: II) was created in 1972 and proclaimed a UNESCO world heritage site in 1982 (Criteria iii, iv, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/195 UNESCO 2019a]). The park is located in south-western Côte d'Ivoire (5°15'-6°07'N, 7°25'-7°54'W), approximately 200 km south of Man and 100 km from the coast. With a size of 5,0812 km², it is the largest protected forest block in Côte d’Ivoire and one of the last tropical lowland forests in the Upper Guinea Region. The topography is mostly flat, but some Inselbergs occur. The majority of the forest in the park has never been logged and this mature, old-growth forest supports a rich diversity of species. It has been estimated that around 1,300 plant species occur in the park, 80-150 are endemic to the Upper Guinea region (BirdLife International 2019). Because of its diversity of bird species, notably white-breasted guinea fowl (''Agelastes meleagrides'') and large hornbill species, it is considered an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International 2019). Primate species recorded in the park include olive colobus (''Procolobus verus''), western red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), king colobus (''Colobus polykomos''), and Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''). Other mammal species include the Pel's flying squirrel (''Anomalurus peli''), forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana ''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Water chevrotain (''Hyemoschus aquaticus''), African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), and a range of duikers, including Maxwell's duiker (''Philantomba maxwellii''), black duiker (''Cephalophus niger''), zebra duiker (''Cephalophus zebra''), and Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''). Reptile species include (''Crocodylus cataphractus'') and African dwarf crocodile (''Osteolaemus tetraspis''), Home's hinge-back tortoise (''Kinixys homeana'').
−'''Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park'''
'''Table 1. Basic site information for Taï National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
−| Area <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha -->
+|Species
+|Pan troglodytes verus
+|-
+|Area
|5,0812 km²
|5,0812 km²
|-
|-
−| Coordinates
+|Coordinates
−|5.77, -7.12
+|Lat: 5.77 , Lon: -7.12
+|-
+|Type of site
+|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|-
−| Designation <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc. -->
+|Habitat types
−|National Park
+|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land
|-
|-
−|Habitat types <!-- List IUCN Habitat Classification 3.0 categories present (Without number), see link below -->
+|Type of governance
−|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, plantations
+|
|}
|}
−[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories] [[Site designations]]
−= Ape status =
−'''Table 2. Ape population estimates in Taï National Park'''
+Since 2005 annual surveys on western chimpanzees have been implemented by OIPR and the [https://www.wildchimps.org/index.html Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF)]. Estimated chimpanzee abundance ranges between 300-800 individuals and the population seems to be stable (Campbell et al. 2008). Since 2016, the WCF has used camera traps to systematically monitor biodiversity in 200 km² in the Taï National Park (Cappelle et al. 2019).
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="population-estimate-table"
+! Species
+'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Taï National Park'''
−! Year
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
−! Abundance estimate (95% CI)
+!Species
−! Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
+!Year
−! Encounter rate (nests/km)
+!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
−! Area
+!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
−! Method
+!Encounter rate (nests/km)
−! Source
+!Area
−! Comments
+!Method
−! A.P.E.S. database ID
+!Source
+!Comments
+!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2016
+|2016
−|406 (265-623)
+|406 (265-623)
−|0.07 (0.05-0.11)
+|0.07 (0.05-0.11)
−|0.265
+|0.265
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
−|Tiédoué et al. 2016
+|Tiédoué et al. 2016
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2015
+|2015
−|540 (321-909)
+|540 (321-909)
−|0.099 (0.060-0.169)
+|0.099 (0.060-0.169)
|0.57
|0.57
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
−|Tiédoué et al. 2015
+|Tiédoué et al. 2015
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2014
+|2014
−|238 (116-487)
+|238 (116-487)
−|0.044 (0.022-0.091)
+|0.044 (0.022-0.091)
|0.67
|0.67
|entire
|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
−|Tiédoué et al. 2014
+|Tiédoué et al. 2014
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2013
+|2013
−|294 (173-500)
+|294 (173-500)
−|0.055 (0.032-0.093)
+|0.055 (0.032-0.093)
−|0.49
+|0.49
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
−|Tiédoué et al. 2013
+|Tiédoué et al. 2013
|
|
|
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|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2012
+|2012
−|264(135-518)
+|264(135-518)
−|0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)
+|0.0493 (0.0252-0.0966)
−|0.39
+|0.39
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
−|Yapi et al. 2012
+|Yapi et al. 2012
|
|
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|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2011
+|2011
−|497 (287-868)
+|497 (287-868)
−|0.09 (0.05-0.16)
+|0.09 (0.05-0.16)
−|0.58
+|0.58
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|N'Goran et al. 2011
|N'Goran et al. 2011
|
|
Line 131:
Line 128:
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2010
+|2010
−|441 (264-735)
+|441 (264-735)
−|0.08 (0.05-0.14)
+|0.08 (0.05-0.14)
−|0.89
+|0.89
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|N'Goran et al. 2010
|
|
Line 142:
Line 139:
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2009
+|2009
−|361 (230-568)
+|361 (230-568)
−|0.077 (0.040-0.147)
+|0.077 (0.040-0.147)
−|1.22
+|1.22
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|N'Goran et al. 2009
|N'Goran et al. 2009
|
|
Line 153:
Line 150:
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2008
+|2008
−|516 (314-847)
+|516 (314-847)
−|0.10 (0.06-0.16)
+|0.10 (0.06-0.16)
−|0.91
+|0.91
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|N'Goran et al. 2008
|N'Goran et al. 2008
|
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Line 164:
Line 161:
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2007
+|2007
−|479 (299-767)
+|479 (299-767)
−|0.09 (0.06-0.14)
+|0.09 (0.06-0.14)
−|0.54
+|0.54
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|N'Goran et al. 2007
|N'Goran et al. 2007
|
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Line 175:
Line 172:
|-
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
−|2006
+|2006
−|480 (280-830)
+|480 (280-830)
−|0.089 (0.052-0.155)
+|0.089 (0.052-0.155)
−|0.54
+|0.54
−|entire
+|entire
−|Line transects (Distance)
+|Line transects
|N'Goran et al. 2006
|N'Goran et al. 2006
|
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Line 186:
Line 183:
|}
|}
−= Threats = <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->
+= Threats =
Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.
Illegal poaching represents the major threat to the chimpanzee population in the park. Habitat destruction by agriculture, illegal logging and gold mining in some areas of the park also threatens the long-term existence of chimpanzees. Furthermore, long-term research by the Taï Chimpanzee Project and the Robert Koch Institute in Berlin confirmed that Ebola virus (Formenti et al., 1999), Anthrax (Leendertz et al. 2004) and respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al., 2008) killed a considerable number of chimpanzees.
−'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Taï National Park'''
−'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Taï National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="threats-table"
+!Category
−!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+!Specific threats
−!Specific threats <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+!Threat level
−!Threat level <!-- For threat level, please use keywords: unknown, low, high -->
+!Description
−!Year of threat
−!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
−!Year of threat <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets-->
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|1 Residential & commercial development
|
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|Absent
|Absent
−|
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|
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|-
|-
−|2. Agriculture & aquaculture
+|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low
|Low
−|Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Cocoa and rice field in the eastern side of the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Medium
|Medium
−|Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Artisanal gold mining (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Ongoing (2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
−|4. Transportation & service corridors
+|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium
|Medium
−|Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Trails used by poachers (Tiédoué et al. 2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|-
−|5. Biological resource use
+|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High
|High
−|Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Poaching is widespread throughout the park (Tiédoué et al. 2016, UNESCO 2019b)
|Ongoing (2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|7. Natural system modifications
+|7 Natural system modifications
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
+|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species
|High
|High
−|chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008)
|chimpanzees died of respiratory diseases of human origin (Köndgen et al. 2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|-
−|
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
+|8.2 Problematic native species
|High
|High
−|Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999)
|Several chimpanzees died due to an Ebola Virus Disease (Taï Forest Ebolavirus) outbreak in the park in 1994 (Formenti et al. 1999)
|1994
|1994
|-
|-
−|
+|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
−|8.2 Problematic native species/diseases
+|8.2 Problematic native species
|High
|High
−|Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017)
|Anthrax is present at the site and has led to several chimpanzee deaths, first detected in 1996 (Leendertz et al. 2004, Hoffmann et al. 2017)
|1996-Ongoing (2017)
|1996-Ongoing (2017)
|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|9 Pollution
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|10. Geological Events
+|10 Geological events
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−| 11. Climate change & severe weather
+|11 Climate change & severe weather
|
|
|Unknown
|Unknown
−|
|
|
|
|-
|-
−|12. Other options
+|12 Other threat
|
|
|Absent
|Absent
|
|
|
|
−|}
|}
−= Conservation activities = <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->
+[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/threat-classification-scheme IUCN Threats list]
+= Conservation activities =
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
In the 1970's the first research station was built in Taï National Park and since then several research projects have been conducted on different species. In particular, long-term studies by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) established in 1979 and the Taï Monkey Project (TMP) established in 1989 ensured and continue to ensure the presence of researchers at the research sites, which have been shown to have a positive influence on local chimpanzee densities (Campbell et al. 2011). Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves (OIPR) does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the entire park and, in addition, the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF) also does an annual bio-monitoring survey over the research area in collaboration with the TCP. OIPR and WCF also conduct regular patrols across the entire park to control for illegal human activities. A range of environmental awareness activities have been implemented, including an eco-museum in Taï, theater plays, movie presentations, newsletters, Club P.A.N., radio shows (WCF 2015, 2018). Two Eco-tourism projects have been developed in the Taï and Djouroutou area. Finally, the Taï Chimpanzee Project is implementing a set of measures to prevent the transmission of human diseases to the chimpanzees (Grützmacher et al. 2018).
−'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Taï National Park'''
+'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Taï National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="conservation-actions-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
−!align="left"|Category <!-- Do not change threat categories -->
+!Category
−!Specific activity <!-- For specific threats, please use list of comma separated keywords from the list linked below -->
+!Specific activity
−!Description <!-- You can add descriptive information here -->
+!Description
−!Year of activity <!-- if ongoing or unknown add year of reference in brackets -->
+!Implementing organization(s)
+!Year of activity
|-
|-
−|1. Residential & commercial development
+|1 Development impact mitigation
−|Absent
+|1.15 Certify products from agriculture, mining or logging and market them as ape friendly
+|support unions of female farmers in the commercialization and promotion of ‘zero deforestation’ agricultural products, including honey from bee-keeping, makore butter, and cacao (WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
−|3. Energy production & mining
+|2 Counter-wildlife crime
−|Absent
+|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
−|
+|anti-poaching patrols conducted by OIPR and WCF (WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
+|2 Counter-wildlife crime
+|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
+|anti-poaching patrols use SMART (WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
−|6. Human intrusions & disturbance
+|3 Species health
−|3.1 Wear face-masks to avoid transmission of viral and bacterial diseases to primates
−|mandatory to wear face-masks (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
−|
−|-
−|
|
−|since 2004
|since 2004
|-
|-
+|3 Species health
+|3.2 Keep safety distance to habituated apes
+|minimum viewing distance of 7 m (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|
|
−|since 1999
|since 1999
|-
|-
+|3 Species health
+|3.4 Implement quarantine for people arriving at, and leaving the site
+|quarantine in a separate quarantine camp (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|
|
−|since 2008
|since 2008
|-
|-
+|3 Species health
+|3.6 Ensure that researchers/tourists are up-to-date with vaccinations and healthy
+|visitors have to be vaccinated against measles, all researchers have to be up-to-date with vaccines (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|
|
−|since 2008
|since 2008
|-
|-
+|3 Species health
+|3.7 Regularly disinfect clothes, boots etc.
+|‘hygiene barrier’ implemented mandating changing clothes and disinfecting boots (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|
|
−|since 2002
|since 2002
|-
|-
+|3 Species health
+|3.11 Implement continuous health monitoring/permanent vet on site
+|veterinary at research site since 2000 (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|
|
−|since 2000
|since 2000
|-
|-
+|3 Species health
+|3.12 Detect and report dead apes and clinically determine their cause of death to avoid disease transmission
+|done by the veterinary (Grützmacher et al. 2018)
|
|
−|since 2000
|since 2000
|-
|-
−|9. Pollution
+|4 Education & awareness
−|Absent
+|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
−|
+|environmental awareness raising activities include eco-museum, community meetings, extra-curricular activities in schools Club P.A.N., radio shows, newsletters, theater plays with discussion rounds and movie presentations (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
+|4 Education & awareness
+|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
+|people hired and trained by research and conservation projects (Taï Chimpanzee Project 2019, Taï Monkey Project 2019, WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2019)
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|-
+|4 Education & awareness
+|4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness
+|several sets of radio programs played regularly (WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
+|4 Education & awareness
+|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
+|theater tour, community discussions, radio, environmental days, eco-museum (WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|
|
−|Ongoing (2018)
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|-
−|11. Habitat Protection
+|5 Protection & restoration
−|11.2. Legally protect primate habitat
+|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
|designated as National Park in 1972 (UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2019)
+|
|since 1972
|since 1972
|-
|-
−|12. Species Management
+|8 Permanent presence
−|Absent
+|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
+|3 long-term research projects: Tai Chimpanzee Project (since 1979, Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, Wittig 2018), Tai Monkey Project (since 1989, McGraw et al. 2007) and Tai Hippo Project (since 2013, IBREAM 2018)
|
|
−|since 1979
|since 1979
|-
|-
+|8 Permanent presence
+|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
+|2 ecotourism sites (Taï and Djouroutou, initiated in 2013, WCF 2015, WCF 2018)
|
|
−|since 2013
|since 2013
|-
|-
+|8 Permanent presence
+|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
+|Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000, McGraw et al. 2007, Wittig 2018
|
|
−|since 1979
|since 1979
−|}
|}
−= Challenges = <!-- Overview of impediments to ape conservation -->
+[[Conservation activities list (Junker et al. 2017)]]
+= Challenges =
+'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park'''
'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Taï National Park'''
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
−!align="left"|Challenge <!-- Do not change categories -->
+!Challenges
−!Source <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->
+!Specific challenges
+!Source
+!Year(s)
|-
|-
+|
|Not reported
|Not reported
+|
+|
+|}
+
+
+= Enablers =
+
+
+
+'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Taï National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
+!Enablers
+!Specific enablers
+!Source
+!Year(s)
+|-
+|1 Site management
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|2 Resources and capacity
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|3 Engaged community
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|4 Institutional support
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+|5 Ecological context
+|
+|
|
|
|-
|-
+|6 Safety and stability
+|
+|
+|
|}
|}
−= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->
+= Research activities =
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
Since 1979 chimpanzees have been studied in Taï National Park by the Taï Chimpanzee Project (Tai Chimpanzee Project 2019), while the Taï Monkey Project studies different monkey species since 1989 (Tai Monkey Project 2019). A wide range of topics have been studied including behavior, culture, feeding ecology, sociality, health, biomonitoring methods, and conservation interventions. Since 2013, research is also ongoing on the pygmy hippo (IBREAM 2018).
−'''Table 6. Great ape behaviors reported for Taï National Park'''
+= Documented behaviours =
−{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviors-table"
+!align="left"|Behavior <!-- Do not change categories -->
+!Source <!-- source for behavior -->
+'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Taï National Park'''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
+!Behavior
+!Source
|-
|-
|Ant dipping
|Ant dipping
Line 526:
Line 544:
|Whiten et al. 1999
|Whiten et al. 1999
|}
|}
+
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
= Exposure to climate change impacts =
−As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
+As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, Kiribou et al. (2024) extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project ([ISIMIP www.isimip.org]). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period.
+For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period. The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated (Kiribou et al. 2024).
−'''Table 7. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park'''
+'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Taï National Park'''
−{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
−!'''Value'''
−!'''1981-2010'''
−!'''2021-2050, RCP 2.6'''
−!'''2021-2050, RCP 6.0'''
−!'''2071-2099, RCP 2.6'''
−!'''2071-2099, RCP 6.0'''
|-
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|Mean temperature [°C]
Line 568:
Line 588:
|9.5
|9.5
|10.3
|10.3
−|}
|}
−'''Table 8. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park'''
+'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Taï National Park'''
−{| border='1' cellpadding='5' cellspacing='0' class='EE-table'
+{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
−!'''Type'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)'''
−!'''No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
−!'''% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)'''
|-
|-
|Crop failure
|Crop failure
Line 643:
Line 662:
|29
|29
|0.54
|0.54
−|}
|}
−<div><ul>
+<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly Tai NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Taï National Park]] </li>
+<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly Tai NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Precipitation anomaly in Taï National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly Tai NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Taï National Park]] </li></ul></div>
−<li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly Tai NP.png | 400px | thumb| right | Temperature anomaly in Taï National Park]] </li>
+</ul></div>
+= External links =
+= Relevant datasets =
+= References =
= References =
−BirdLife International. 2019 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Parc National de Taï et Réserve de faune du N'Zo. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-ta%C3%AF-et-r%C3%A9serve-de-faune-du-nzo-iba-c%C3%B4te-divoire/text www.birdlife.org] <br>
+Boesch C & Boesch-Achermann H. 2000. The chimpanzees of the Taı¨ Forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <br>
+BirdLife International. 2019 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Parc National de Taï et Réserve de faune du N'Zo. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-ta%C3%AF-et-r%C3%A9serve-de-faune-du-nzo-iba-c%C3%B4te-divoire/text www.birdlife.org]
−Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19). <br>
+Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155 <br>
+Boesch C & Boesch-Achermann H. 2000. The chimpanzees of the Taı¨ Forest: behavioural ecology and evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
−Cappelle N et al. 2019. Validating camera trap distance sampling for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 81(3): e22962 <br>
+Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126. <br>
+Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P. and Boesch, C.(2008). Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d´Ivoire. Current Biology, 18(19).
−Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619 <br>
+Hoffmann, C., Zimmermann, F., Biek, R., Kuehl, H., Nowak, K., Mundry, R., ... & Leendertz, F. H. (2017). Persistent anthrax as a major driver of wildlife mortality in a tropical rainforest. Nature, 548(7665), 82-86.<br>
+Campbell, G., Kuehl, H., Diarrassouba, A., N’Goran, P. K., and Boesch, C. (2011). Long-term research sites as refugia for threatened and over-harvested species. Biol. Lett. 7, 723–726. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0155
−Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of chimpanzees ''(Pan troglodytes verus)'' on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report, 31, 45-75. <br>
+IBREAM. 2018. Pygmy Hippo PhD 2017 Summary. Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals. [https://ibream.org/updates/pygmy-hippo-phd-2017-summary/ Taï Hippo Project] <br>
+Cappelle N et al. 2019. Validating camera trap distance sampling for chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 81(3): e22962
−Klee, S.R., Oetzel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrock, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F.H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. Journal of Bacteriology, 188 (15): 5333-5344. <br>
+Köndgen, S., Kuehl, H., N´Goran, K.P., Walsh, P., Schenk, S., Ernst, N., Biek, R., Formenty, P., Mätz-Rensing, K., Schweiger, B., Junglen, S., Ellerbrok, H., Nitsche, A., Briese, T., Lipkin, W.I., Pauli, G., Boesch, C., Leendertz, F.H. (2008). Pandemic Human Viruses Causes Decline of Endangered Great Apes. Current Biology 18, 260-264. <br>
+Formenty, P., Boesch, C., Wyers, M., Steiner, C., Donati, F., Dind, F., Walker, F., Le Guenno, B. (1999). Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees in a rainforest of Côte d'Ivoire. J.Infect.Dis., 179(1): 120-126.
−Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., ... & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. PLOS Climate, 3(2), e0000345.<br> <br>
+Kouakou CY, Boesch C, and Kuehl H. 2009. Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Taï National Park. Am. J. Primatol. 71, 447–457. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20673 <br>
+Grützmacher K et al. 2018. Human quarantine: Toward reducing infectious pressure on chimpanzees at the Taï Chimpanzee Project, Côte d’Ivoire. American Journal of Primatology 80:e22619
−Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455. <br>
+Leendertz, F.H., Ellerbrok, H., Boesch, C., Couacy-Hymann, E., Mätz-Rensing, K., Hakenbeck, R., Bergmann, C., Abaza, P., Junglen, S., Moebius, Y., Vigilant, L., Formenty, P., Pauli, G. (2004). Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rain forest, Nature, 430. <br>
+Hoffmann, C., Zimmermann, F., Biek, R., Kuehl, H., Nowak, K., Mundry, R., ... & Leendertz, F. H. (2017). Persistent anthrax as a major driver of wildlife mortality in a tropical rainforest. Nature, 548(7665), 82-86.
−Luncz L. and Boesch C. 2015 The Extent of Cultural Variation Between Adjacent Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) Communities; A Microecological Approach American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156: 67-75 <br>
+Marchesi, P., Marchesi,N., Fruth, B. and Boesch, C. (1995). Census and Distribution in Côte D´Ivoire. Primates, 36(4): 591-607. <br>
+Hoppe-Dominik, B. (1991) Distribution and status of chimpanzees ''(Pan troglodytes verus)'' on the Ivory Coast. Primate Report, 31, 45-75.
−McGraw WS et al. 2007. Monkeys of the Taï Forest: An African Primate Community. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. UK <br>
+N’Goran, K.P., Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., Tondossama, A. (2007). Quelques résultats de la première phase du biomonitoring au Parc National de Taï (août 2005 – mars 2006). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR. <br>
+IBREAM. 2018. Pygmy Hippo PhD 2017 Summary. Institute for Breeding Rare and Endangered African Mammals. [https://ibream.org/updates/pygmy-hippo-phd-2017-summary/ Taï Hippo Project]
−N’Goran, K.P., Yapi, F. Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., Tondossama, A. (2007). /Etat du Parc National de Taï /: Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring, phase II (septembre 2006 – avril 2007). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR. <br>
+N’Goran, K.P., Yapi, F. Herbinger, I., Boesch, C., Tondossama, A. (2008). /Etat du Parc National de Taï./ Rapport de resultats de biomonitoring. Phase III, Août 2007 - Mars 2008. Unpubl. Report WCF/OIPR. <br>
+Klee, S.R., Oetzel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrock, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F.H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. Journal of Bacteriology, 188 (15): 5333-5344.
−N’Goran, K. P., Yapi, A. F., Herbinger, I., Tondossama, A. et Boesch, C. (2009). Etat du Parc National de Taï : Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring phase IV (août 2008 – février 2009). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR, Abidjan. <br>
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+Yao, C. Y. Adou and Roussel, Bernard (2007). Forest Management, Farmers' Practices and Biodiversity Conservation in the Monogaga Protected Coastal Forest in Southwest Côte D'Ivoire. Africa, 77(1):63-85.
+Yapi A. F., Vergnes V., Normand E., N’Goran K. P., Diarrassouba A., Tondossama A. et Boesch C. 2012 - Etat de conservation du Parc National de Taï: Rapport de résultats de biomonitoring phase 7 (janvier 2012- juillet 2012). Unpubl. Rapport WCF/OIPR, Abidjan.
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