Changes

* The population size is unknown.  

* The population size is unknown.  

* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  

* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.  

* This site has a total size of 133 km².  

* This site has a total size of 140 km².  

* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation.  

* Key threats to chimpanzees is habitat degradation.  

* Conservation interventions focus on fostering a sustainable use of natural resources and reducing conflicts between humans and chimpanzees.

* Conservation interventions by the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal focus on promoting the development of the local human communities and sustainable utilisation of natural resources while reducing negative interactions between humans and chimpanzees in the Kedougou region, mainly in the Commune of Dindefelo, but also in other communes.

* Dindefelo is a Community Nature Reserve managed by local communities to foster a sustainable use of natural resources while protecting flora and fauna.

* Dindefelo is a Community Nature Reserve managed by the local authorities. It was created in 2010 with the support of JGI Spain in Senegal to foster sustainable development of the local community while protecting flora and fauna.

[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_baobab_Dindefelo_Team_small.png | 400px | thumb| right |Party of Dindefelo chimpanzees in a Baobab tree © Dindefelo team]]

[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_baobab_Dindefelo_Team_small.png | 400px | thumb| right |Party of Dindefelo chimpanzees in a Baobab tree © Dindefelo team]]

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

= Site characteristics = <!-- A paragraph summary of physical and geographic aspects of the site, and a table of key information -->

Dindefelo (also called Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo) is located in Kédougou department in southeastern Senegal, close to the border with Guinea. Since 2009, the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] conducts conservation activities and a chimpanzee biomonitoring program in the reserve. The Community Nature Reserve was created by the Rural Council in Dindefelo in 2010 with the support from the JGI Spain (Pacheco et al. 2012). The reserve is managed by local communities to foster a sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of flora and fauna, particularly chimpanzees. The JGI Spain provides technical assistance. In 2014, the JGI Spain established a permanent biological station (Dindefelo Biological Station) to conduct research, and implement conservation and education activities.

Dindefelo (officially called Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo or Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve) is located in the Kedougou department in southeastern Senegal, along the border with Guinea. Since 2009, the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/conservation-chimpanzee) has conducted research and conservation activities, and a chimpanzee biomonitoring program in the area. The Community Nature Reserve was created by the Rural Council of Dindefelo in 2010 with the support of the JGI Spain in Senegal (Pacheco et al. 2012). The reserve is managed by the Mayor of Dindefelo and representatives of the local communities, with the declared goal of fostering a sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of flora and fauna, particularly chimpanzees. The JGI Spain in Senegal has provided technical assistance to the reserve since its creation. In 2014, the JGI Spain established a permanent biological station (the Dindefelo Biological Station) to conduct research, and implement conservation and education activities. The habitat is a Sudano-Guinean savanna woodland mosaic composed of open (woodland, grassland, shrubland and bamboo) and closed (evergreen gallery forest and dense forest) vegetation types (Pacheco et al. 2012, Enthoven et al. 2017). There are also some agricultural areas and degraded gallery forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). The climate is extremely seasonal, with a dry season lasting seven months. There are six villages and hamlets within and eight surrounding the reserve, where different ethnic groups are present. The majority of people belong to the Peulh and Malinke and the remaining to the Bassari, Bedik, Djallounke and Coniagui. The highest waterfall in Senegal is located in the reserve, which attracts thousands of national and international tourists every year (Camon et al. 2020). Five non-human primate species are present in the reserve: western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), lesser bushbaby (''Galago senegalensis'') and Guinea baboon (''Papio papio'') (Ramon et al. 2017). In addition, there have been rare sightings of King colobus (''Colobus polykomos'': Dotras et al. 2022) and Campbell’s monkey (''Cercopithecus campbelli'': Mirghani et al. in press).

The habitat is a sudano-guinean savanna woodland mosaic composed of open (woodland, grassland, shrubland and bamboo) and closed (evergreen gallery forest and dense forest) vegetation types (Pacheco et al. 2012, Enthoven et al. 2017). There are also some agricultural areas and degraded gallery forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). The climate is extremely seasonal, with a dry season lasting seven months. There are seven villages within and ten villages surrounding the reserve that include different ethnic groups (Peul, Bassari and Diakhanke). The highest waterfall in Senegal is located in the reserve, which attracts thousands of national and international tourists every year (Camon et al. in press). Five primate species are present in the reserve: western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), green monkey (''Chlorocebus sabaeus''), patas monkey (''Erythrocebus patas''), lesser bushbaby (''Galago senegalensis''), and Guinea baboon (''Papio papio'', Ramon 2017).

 

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Dindefelo'''

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Dindefelo'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="basic-information"

|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->

|Area            <!-- Please include units: km2/ha e.g 200ha    -->

|133 km²

|140 km²

|-

|-

|Coordinates

|Coordinates

|12.373904 N, -12.325576 W

|12.377328, 12.326048

|-

|-

|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->

|Designation      <!-- National Park, Nature Reserve, etc.  -->

|Dry savanna, subtropical/tropical dry shrubland, subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical dry lowland grassland, arable land, permanent rivers; seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers, streams, creeks; dry caves

|Dry savanna, subtropical/tropical dry shrubland, subtropical/tropical dry forest, subtropical/tropical dry lowland grassland, arable land, permanent rivers; seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers, streams, creeks; dry caves

|}

|}

[http://www.unitar.org/hiroshima/sites/unitar.org.hiroshima/files/Annex%201%20-%20IUCN%20Classification%20Schemes.pdf IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]

[https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/habitat-classification-scheme IUCN habitat categories]  [[Site designations]]

<br>

<br>

= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

= Ape status =  <!-- a text overview of ape status (population sizes, trends etc), followed by a table of specific surveys and results -->

A survey of southeastern Senegal established the presence of chimpanzees in what is now the reserve (Pruetz et al. 2002). Since the onset of conservation activities implemented by the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] chimpanzees are monitored regularly. As part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]) a systematic survey was implemented and chimpanzee density has been estimated at 0.13 indiv/km² (Wessling et al. in review). An estimate of the population size has not been published, but a minimum of 52 individual chimpanzees have been identified by direct observation and photographs from camera traps (JGI Spain, unpublished data).

A survey of southeastern Senegal established the presence of chimpanzees in what is now the reserve (Pruetz et al. 2002). Since the onset of research and conservation activities implemented by the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/research) chimpanzees are monitored regularly. As part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/)), a systematic survey was implemented and chimpanzee density has been estimated at 0.13 indiv/km² (Wessling et al. 2020). An estimate of the population size has not been published, but a minimum of 53 individual chimpanzees have been identified by direct observation and footage from camera traps since 2017 (JGI Spain in Senegal, unpublished data).

'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Dindefelo'''

'''Table 2. Great ape population estimates in Dindefelo'''

|-

|-

|''Pan troglodytes verus''

|''Pan troglodytes verus''

|2014

|2017

|

|

|0.13

|0.13

|Dindefelo

|Dindefelo

|Line transects (Distance)

|Line transects (Distance)

|Wessling et al. in review

|Wessling et al. 2020

|Total survey effort: 73.8 km

|Total survey effort: 73.8 km

|

|

= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

= Threats =    <!-- a text overview of threats, followed by a table of key threats -->

The main threats to chimpanzees include the clearing of vegetation for agriculture, fires and pollution of water sources (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017, Enthoven et al. 2017). Local people extract the following resources: wood (including several tree species used by the chimpanzees for nesting: Enthoven et al. 2017), firewood, food (e.g. ''Saba senegalensis'' fruit: Ramon et al. 2017), and medicine (e.g. ''Spondias mombin'': JGI Spain unpublished data). Due to lack of other options, watercourses are used for washing and washing clothes. This causes the pollution of watercourses, as plastic littering and old clothes are thrown away (posing a risk of ingestion by wildlife, Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017) and human waste is disposed in the water. Overtapping of palm trees has also been reported (Pacheco et al. 2012). A further concern is the competition between chimpanzees and humans for water during the dry season (JGI Spain, unpublished data). Small scale, artisanal gold mining was observed in 2015 in the buffer area of the reserve, but is currently absent. No evidence of chimpanzee hunting has been found during the JGI Spain presence at the site (last 10 years).

The main threats to chimpanzees include the clearing of vegetation for agriculture, uncontrolled bushfires and pollution of water sources (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017, Enthoven et al. 2017). Local people extract the following resources, which include several plant species used by the chimpanzees for food and for nesting: wood (e.g. ''Cordyla pinnata''), charcoal (e.g. ''Piliostigma thonningii''), food (e.g. ''Saba senegalensis'' fruit), and medicine (e.g. ''Pterocarpus erinaceus'') (Enthoven et al. 2017, Ramon et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022; Renelies-Hamilton et al. in press; JGI Spain in Senegal unpublished data). The people also collect dead branches to use as firewood.  Due to lack of other options, watercourses are used for bathing and washing clothes and dishes. This causes the pollution of watercourses, as plastic littering and old clothes are thrown away (posing a risk of ingestion by wildlife: Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017) and soap along with human waste remain in the water. Overtapping of palm trees has also been reported (Pacheco et al. 2012). A further concern is the competition between chimpanzees and humans for water during the dry season (JGI Spain in Senegal, unpublished data). Small scale, artisanal gold mining was observed in 2015 in the buffer area of the reserve and in 2020 inside the reserve, but it is currently absent. No evidence of chimpanzee hunting has been found through all the years the JGI Spain in Senegal has been in the area.

'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Dindefelo'''

'''Table 3. Threats to great apes in Dindefelo'''

|1.1 Housing & urban areas

|1.1 Housing & urban areas

|High

|High

|Approx. 8,000 inhabitants in 770 villages (as of 2012)

|Approx. 8,000 inhabitants in 770 villages (as of 2012); 7,085 inhabitants in 1,161 households (as of 2020).

|Villages and hamlets (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Villages and hamlets (Pacheco et al. 2012). New houses are being built across the limit of the reserve in Dindefelo village.

|Ongoing (2012)

|2012-Ongoing (2020)

|-

|-

|

|

|Medium

|Medium

|

|

|Localized area around visitor centre and pathways leading to the waterfall (Camon et al. in press)

|Localized area around visitor centre and pathways leading to the waterfall (Camon et al. 2020)

|Ongoing (2019)

|Ongoing (2019)

|-

|-

|3. Energy production & mining

|3. Energy production & mining

|3.2 Mining & quarrying

|3.2 Mining & quarrying

|Not reported

|High

|

|

|Artisanal gold mining signs encountered in 2015, but stopped now.

|Prospection for artisanal gold mining signs encountered in 2015 and 2020, but not since 2021.

|2015

|2015, 2020-2021

|-

|-

|4. Transportation & service corridors

|4. Transportation & service corridors

|Low

|Low

|

|

|Roads

|New informal road created between Segou and Affia villages goes through critical chimpanzee habitat. In 2023, the improvement (widening and asphalting) of the Dindefelo-Kedougou road and the Segou-Lougue (Guinea) through Badiari road began.

|Ongoing

|Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|5. Biological resource use

|5. Biological resource use

|Medium

|Medium

|

|

|Gathering fruits, plant products for medicine and feed for livestock (the latter during dry-season).

|Gathering fruits (Ramon et al. 2017) and plant products for medicine and to feed livestock (the latter during the dry season).

|Ongoing (2019)

|Ongoing (2017)

|-

|-

|

|

|

|

|Cutting of trees for building and firewood (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017)

|Cutting of trees for building and firewood (Pacheco et al. 2012, Arias et al. 2017)

|Ongoing (2017)

|2012-Ongoing (2017)

|-

|-

|6. Human intrusions & disturbance

|6. Human intrusions & disturbance

|6.1 Recreational activities

|6.1 Recreational activities

|Medium

|High

|

|

|Thousands of tourists visit the waterfall every year, converging with the chimpanzees (Camon et al. in press)

|Thousands of tourists visit the waterfall every year, with the possibility of converging with the chimpanzees (Camon et al. 2020). Human waste, leftovers and littering in the gallery forest of the waterfall are common sights. Large groups arrive without control. Regulations should be enforced. The situation will likely get worse after the new paved road from Kedougou to Dindefelo is completed, as well as the Segou-Lougue road.

|Ongoing (2019)

|Ongoing (2019)

|-

|-

|Fire used to clear areas for agriculture (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Fire used to clear areas for agriculture (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Ongoing (2012)

|Ongoing (2012)

|-

|-

|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases

|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases

|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

|8.1 Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

|Low

|Medium

|

|

|Dogs

|Dogs; Nature observation trekking in chimpanzee habitat pose safety and security risks (including zoonoses) for tourists and animals if the established protocols are not firmly applied

|Ongoing (2019)

|Ongoing (2018)

|-

|-

|9. Pollution

|9. Pollution

|10. Geological Events

|10. Geological Events

|

|

|Absent

|Low

|

|

|-

|-

| 11. Climate change & severe weather

| 11. Climate change & severe weather

= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

= Conservation activities =      <!-- a text overview of conservation activities, followed by a table of key activities -->

Since 2009, the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station Jane Goodall Institute Spain] conducts conservation activities in Dindefelo by promoting reforestation and the farming of crops fostering food security, and by providing training, employment and environmental education.

Since 2009, the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal (https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station) conducts conservation activities at Dindefelo by promoting reforestation, fire control, food security and resilience to climate change projects, by monitoring chimpanzees and other wildlife, by providing training and employment, and by carrying out environmental education and sensitization actions. In 2010, a Community Nature Reserve was established by the Rural Council in Dindefelo (Pacheco et al. 2012). With the support of the Jane Goodall Institute Spain in Senegal and the USAID/ Wula Nafaa program, a management plan was drawn in 2011 to regulate the management of the area from 2012-2016. This plan included the delimitation of three types of zones: high, medium and low-level protection for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012). Such zonation was updated for the 2021-2026 DCNR management plan in 2021, working along local authorities and the community. To foster a more sustainable use of natural resources, the JGI Spain in Senegal established and manages tree nurseries of species used for reforestation, creation of buffer zones and food security projects. Another conservation project was carried out to build so-called ‘live fences’, meaning fences around agricultural plots made from living plants, reducing pressure on forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). In addition, to alleviate competition for water sources between chimpanzees and humans, the JGI Spain in Senegal constructed or repaired water wells in several villages, a school and washing facilities. The JGI Spain in Senegal has also trained local people as eco guards and forest monitors of the reserve, equipped them and financed staff salaries for 15 months (2020-2021). In 2013, the JGI Spain in Senegal helped the reserve to regulate ecotourism based on chimpanzee tracking, creating safety and security protocols. This activity was stopped at the onset of the Covid 19 pandemic. When it was proposed by the authorities to resume it in 2021, the JGI Spain in Senegal advised against it. At their insistence, a stricter safety and hygiene protocol was proposed but JGIS staff is no longer involved in this activity. The JGI Spain in Senegal is currently implementing a project to build community resilience to climate change (hereafter BCR project) in 21 villages of four communes. With the support of Global Affairs Canada, this project includes: 1) the creation of cooperatives (Groupement d'intérêt économique in French, GIE), mostly composed of women, and their training in the management of such cooperatives, 2) providing training and equipment for the production of bio charcoal, 3) the mechanical processing of a local, drought-resistant cereal called fonio millet (Digitaria exilis) for consumption or sale, and 4) the creation of eight tree nurseries for the production and planting of wild and domestic trees commonly exploited by people.

In 2010 a Community Nature Reserve was established by the Rural Council in Dindefelo (Pacheco et al. 2012). With the support from the [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station  Jane Goodall Institute Spain] and the USAID/ Wula Nafaa program a management plan was drawn regulating the management of the area from 2012-2016 (RNCD 2011). This included the demarcation of three zones: high, medium and low level protection of chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012).  

Past activities implemented by the JGI Spain in Senegal that were discontinued include a community managed tree plantation for Saba senegalensis (a fruit sought after by people, especially in the dry season, and sold to national markets) established in 2012 (Pacheco et al. 2012). The plant nurseries were managed by local committees and thus sustainable harvesting of this fruit was promoted. In addition, a municipal washing facility was established in one of the villages to provide washing opportunities within the village, while reducing water pollution and preventing interactions between chimpanzees and humans at water points (Pacheco et al. 2012). The washing facility was used for a rather limited amount of time and then abandoned for cultural and practical reasons. Currently, the JGI Spain in Senegal implements rigorous monitoring and evaluation protocols to carry out its conservation and sustainable development projects centered in the community and to ensure their continuity over time.  

To foster a more sustainable use of natural resources, the JGI Spain established and manages tree nurseries of crop species for food security. Another conservation project works with farmers to build so-called ‘live fences’, meaning fences around agricultural plots made from living plants. Fruits and seeds produced by these plants can be consumed or sold, reducing pressure on forests (Pacheco et al. 2012). In addition, to alleviate competition for water sources between chimpanzees and humans, the JGI Spain constructed water wells in some villages. The JGI Spain also trains local people as eco-guards and is developing a pilot chimpanzee tracking project to promote ecotourism as a sustainable development tool. Finally, the JGI Spain also established tree nurseries to grow indigenous species, including chimpanzee food species, to plant in areas used by the chimpanzees and to reforest buffer zones.

Past activities implemented by the JGI Spain that were discontinued include a community managed tree plantation for ''Saba senegalensis'' (a fruit sought after by people esp. in the dry season and sold to national markets) established in 2012 in collaboration with the University of Alicante, the University Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar, and the USAID/Wula Nafaa program (Pacheco et al. 2012). The plant nurseries were managed by local committees and thus sustainable harvesting of this fruit was promoted. In addition, a municipal washing facility was established in one of the villages to provide washing opportunities within the village, while reducing water pollution and preventing conflicts between chimpanzees and humans at water points (Pacheco et al. 2012). The washing facilities were used for a rather limited amount of time and then abandoned for cultural reasons.  

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Dindefelo'''

'''Table 4. Conservation activities in Dindefelo'''

|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land

|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land

|Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity

|Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity

|Since 2012

|2012-Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|3. Energy production & mining

|3. Energy production & mining

|

|

|-

|-

|4. Transportation & service corridors

|4. Transportation & service corridors

|-

|-

|5. Biological resource use

|5. Biological resource use

|Absent

|5.11. Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols

|

|Training, equipment and funding of ecoguards, manager and other reserve staff (2020-2021).

|

|

|-

|-

|6. Human intrusions & disturbance

|6. Human intrusions & disturbance

|-

|-

|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases

|8. Invasive & other problematic species, genes, diseases

|

|

|-

|-

|9. Pollution

|9. Pollution

|9.1. Reduce garbage/solid waste to avoid primate injuries  

|9.1. Reduce garbage/solid waste to avoid primate injuries  

|Establish municipal washing facility to avoid garbage being left close to watercourses (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Sensitization campaigns and collection of batteries and clean-up events by youth groups.

|2012

|2016-2019

|-

|-

|10. Education & Awareness  

|10. Education & Awareness  

|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use  

|10.1. Educate local communities about primates and sustainable use  

|Roots & Shoots program, includes weekly activities and annual camps for about 100 children from different villages within and surrounding the reserve

|The Roots&Shoots program carried out with local students includes activities of biodiversity and conservation education, and prevention of human-wildlife negative interactions in several villages.Interviews on human-chimpanzee interactions have been carried out in several villages.

|Since 2012

|Annual camps for about 100 children from different villages within and around the reserve took place from 2016 to 2019.

|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management

|-

|-

|

|

|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management

|10.2. Involve local community in primate research and conservation management

|Community Nature Reserve created by local communities (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Community Nature Reserve created by local communities (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Since 2010

|2010-Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|

|

|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions

|10.5. Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions

|Environmental cinema sessions in different villages

|Environmental cinema sessions in four villages. Sensitization on the sustainable management of natural resources and on chimpanzee conservation in 12 villages, with distribution of equipment to fight bush-fires

|

|2017-Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|11. Habitat Protection

|11. Habitat Protection

|11.3. Establish areas for conservation which are not protected by national or international legislation (e.g. private sector standards & codes)  

|11.3. Establish areas for conservation which are not protected by national or international legislation (e.g. private sector standards & codes)  

|Establishment of Community Nature Reserve (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Establishment of the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (Pacheco et al. 2012), with Management Plan updated in 2021

|Since 2010

|2010, 2021

|-

|-

|

|

|11.5. Create/protect forest patches in highly fragmented landscapes

|11.5. Create/protect forest patches in highly fragmented landscapes

|Establishment of zones strictly protected for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012)

|Establishment of zones strictly protected for chimpanzees (Pacheco et al. 2012). Firebreaks made in risk areas used by the chimpanzees. Workshops on the prevention and control of bush-fires were carried out for 12 local committees, which were equipped to fight fires (2021).

|Since 2012

|2012-Ongoing (2021)

|-

|-

|

|

|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas  

|11.8. Plant indigenous trees to re-establish natural tree communities in clear-cut areas  

|Tree nurseries, planting indigenous tree species in areas used by chimpanzees, reforest buffer zones

|Tree nurseries, planting indigenous tree species in areas used by chimpanzees, reforest buffer zones

|Since 2016

|Ongoing (2016)

|-

|-

|12. Species Management

|12. Species Management

|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  

|13. Livelihood; Economic & Other Incentives  

|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)

|13.2. Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g. better education, infrastructure development)

|Water well construction

|JGI Spain in Senegal activities have included the construction of water wells, training for farmers, especially groups of women, tourist guides, and owners of camp sites.

|Since 2013

|2013-Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|

|

|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|13.3. Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|Biological station established by the JGI Spain (JGI Spain 2019)

|Biological station established by the JGI Spain.

|Since 2014

|2014-Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|

|

|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|Ecotourism project

|Ecotourism project, including chimpanzee tracking.

|Since 2013

|2013-2021

|-

|-

|

|

|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager  

|13.5. Permanent presence of staff/manager  

|Staff permanently present at biological station (JGI Spain 2019)

|Staff permanently present at biological station (JGI Spain 2019)

|Since 2014

|2014-Ongoing (2023)

|-

|-

|}

|}

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Dindefelo'''

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Dindefelo'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="challenges-table"

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="impediments-table"

!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->

!align="left"|Challenge  <!-- Do not change categories -->

!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->

!Source  <!-- source for impediment mentioned -->

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

= Research activities = <!-- Overview of research activities -->

[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_termite_fishing_Dindefelo_Team.png | 400px | thumb| right |Female fishing for termites and young in Dindefelo, Senegal © Dindefelo team]]

[[File: SEN_Dindefelo_chimp_termite_fishing_Dindefelo_Team.png | 400px | thumb| right |Female fishing for termites and young in Dindefelo, Senegal © Dindefelo team]]

Studies conducted in Dindefelo have mainly focused on overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential conflicts (Ramon 2017, Arias et al. 2017). Dindefelo was also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee ([http://panafrican.eva.mpg.de/ PanAf]). Another study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019).

 

Studies conducted in Dindefelo have considered overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential negative interactions between the two species (Ramon et al. 2017, Arias et al. 2017). Other research currently going on in Dindefelo focuses on chimpanzee tool and proto-tool use (Galán-Plana et al. 2022; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2022, in press), chimpanzee nesting behaviour (Enthoven et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022), chimpanzee dietary diversity (Renelies-Hamilton et al. in press) chimpanzee body size variability (Cardoso et al. 2022), presence of other primates in the reserve (Dotras et al. 2022; Mirghani et al. in press) and the distribution of large and medium mammal species in the reserve (Mirghani et al. 2023).

One study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019). Other studies have reported the presence of nematodes in Dindefelo chimpanzees (Laidoudi et al. 2020), adenovirus and parasitic infections in human and non-human primates in Africa including Dindefelo chimpanzees (Medkour et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2021), and multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Baron et al. 2021; Abdallah et al. 2022). In addition, a molecular characterization of intestinal and blood parasites was conducted for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Köster et al. 2021). Dindefelo is also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg. de/)).

Soil studies and training to improve crop productivity have also been carried out with the University Miguel Hernández, Spain.

===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

===Documented behaviours===  <!-- List of any behaviours observed at the site, including citations -->

= References =

= References =

Arias M et al. 2017. Local perceptions on conservation of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo, Southeast of Senegal. Preprint<br>

Camon L et al. in press. Tourist and local people use of a savanna chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) habitat in Dindefelo, Senegal. Folia Primatologica.<br>

Arias M et al. 2017. Local perceptions on conservation of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo, Southeast of Senegal. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201712.0198.v1<br>

Enthoven D et al. 2017. Nesting patterns of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a savannah habitat, Dindefelo, Senegal. Folia Primatologica 88:114.<br>

JGI Spain. 2019. Dindéfélo Biological Station: JGI’s headquarters in Senegal. Online: [https://www.janegoodallsenegal.org/biological-station www.janegoodallsenegal.org]<br>

Baron S et al. 2021. Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clones from wild chimpanzees and termites in Senegal. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 65:e0255720. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02557-20<br>

Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science. 363, 1453–1455.<br>

Camon L et al. 2020. Tourist and local people use of a savanna chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) habitat in Dindefelo, Senegal. Folia Primatologica 91:531. https:///doi.org/10.1159/000506768<br>

Pacheco L et al. 2012. Perspectives on sustainable resource conservation in community nature reserves: a case study from Senegal. Sustainability 4:3158-3179<br>

Pruetz JD et al. 2002. Survey of savannah chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in south-eastern Sénégal. American Journal of Primatology 58: 35–43.<br>

Dotras L et al. 2022. First evidence of the Endangered King colobus (Colobus polykomos) in Senegal. Revue de Primatologie 13. Abstract 30. https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.14505<br>

Ramon M et al. 2017. The fruit of discord? Saba senegalensis use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and local people in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (RNCD), Southeastern Senegal. Folia Primatologica 88:167-168.<br>

Enthoven D et al. 2017. Nesting patterns of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a savanna habitat, Dindefelo, Senegal. Folia Primatologica 88:114. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479094<br>

Renelies-Hamilton J et al. 2019. Exploring interactions between Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides spp. and the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees in Senegal. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 74:104010<br>

Galán-Plana CF et al. 2022. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) baobab (Adansonia digitata) pounding: A new report from Dindefelo, Senegal. Revue de Primatologie 13. Abstract 36. https://doi.org/10.4000/primatologie.14505<br>

RNCD 2011. Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo, 1st ed.; Institut Jane Goodall Espagne et Programme USAID/Wula Nafaa: Dindéfélo, Senegal.<br>

JGI Spain. 2019. Dindéfélo Biological Station: JGI’s headquarters in Senegal. Online: www.janegoodallsenegal.org (https://www.janegoodalls enegal.org/biological-station)<br>

Wessling EG et al. in review. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) density and environmental gradients at their biogeographical range edge. Int J Primatol.<br>

Köster PC et al. 2021. Molecular detection and characterization of intestinal and blood parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Senegal. Animals 11:3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113291<br>

Kühl HS et al. 2019. Human impact erodes chimpanzee behavioral diversity. Science 363:1453–1455. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau4532<br>

Medkour H et al. 2021. Bacterial infections in humans and nonhuman primates from Africa: Expanding the knowledge. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 94:227-248.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8223552/pdf/yjbm_94_2_227.pdf<br>

Mirghani N et al. 2023. New range record for the African brush-tailed porcupine, Atherurus africanus, in southeastern Senegal and northern Guinea. African Journal of Ecology 61:490-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.13125<br>

Pacheco L et al. 2012. Perspectives on sustainable resource conservation in community nature reserves: A case study from Senegal. Sustainability 4:3158-3179. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4113158<br>

Pruetz JD et al. 2002. Survey of savannah chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in south-eastern Senegal. American Journal of Primatology 58:35–43.<br>

Ramon M et al. 2017. The fruit of discord? Saba senegalensis use by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and local people in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve (RNCD), Southeastern Senegal. Folia Primatologica 88:167-168. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479094<br>

Renelies-Hamilton J et al. In press. Diet of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Dindefelo, Senegal. Revue de Primatologie<br>

Renelies-Hamilton J et al.  2019. Exploring interactions between Blastocystis sp., Strongyloides spp. and the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees in Senegal. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 74:104010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104010<br>

Sánchez-Megías A et al. In press.  Army ant (Dorylus sp.) foraging strategies of a savanna chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) community at Dindefelo, Senegal. Revue de Primatologie <br>

DCNR 2011. Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle Communautaire de Dindéfélo 2012-2016; Dindéfélo, Senegal.<br>

Wessling EG et al. 2020. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) density and environmental gradients at their biogeographical range edge.     International Journal of Primatolology 41:822-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00182-3.<br>

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