Changes

|2. Agriculture & aquaculture

|2. Agriculture & aquaculture

|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land

|2.11. Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land

|Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity

|Established tree nurseries of crop species for food security, and ‘live fences’ (Pacheco et al. 2012), soil studies and training to improve crop productivity.

|2012-Ongoing (2023)

|2012-Ongoing (2023)

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|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|Ecotourism project, including chimpanzee tracking.

|Ecotourism project with chimpanzee tracking.

|2013-2021

|2013-2021

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|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|13.4. Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site  

|Ecotourism project without chimpanzee tracking.

|Ecotourism project without chimpanzee tracking, supported by University of Huelva, a partner of JGI Spain.

|2021-Ongoing (2023)

|2021-Ongoing (2023)

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Studies conducted in Dindefelo have considered overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential negative interactions between the two species (Ramon et al. 2017, Arias et al. 2017). Other research currently going on in Dindefelo focuses on chimpanzee tool and proto-tool use (Galán-Plana et al. 2022; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2022, in press), chimpanzee nesting behaviour (Enthoven et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022), chimpanzee dietary diversity (Renelies-Hamilton et al. in press) chimpanzee body size variability (Cardoso et al. 2022), presence of other primates in the reserve (Dotras et al. 2022; Mirghani et al. in press) and the distribution of large and medium mammal species in the reserve (Mirghani et al. 2023).

Studies conducted in Dindefelo have considered overlapping resource use by humans and chimpanzees and potential negative interactions between the two species (Ramon et al. 2017, Arias et al. 2017). Other research currently going on in Dindefelo focuses on chimpanzee tool and proto-tool use (Galán-Plana et al. 2022; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2022, in press), chimpanzee nesting behaviour (Enthoven et al. 2017; Macina et al. 2022), chimpanzee dietary diversity (Renelies-Hamilton et al. in press) chimpanzee body size variability (Cardoso et al. 2022), presence of other primates in the reserve (Dotras et al. 2022; Mirghani et al. in press) and the distribution of large and medium mammal species in the reserve (Mirghani et al. 2023).

One study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019). Other studies have reported the presence of nematodes in Dindefelo chimpanzees (Laidoudi et al. 2020), adenovirus and parasitic infections in human and non-human primates in Africa including Dindefelo chimpanzees (Medkour et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2021), and multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Baron et al. 2021; Abdallah et al. 2022). In addition, a molecular characterization of intestinal and blood parasites was conducted for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Köster et al. 2021). Dindefelo is also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf (http://panafrican.eva.mpg. de/)).

One study investigated the gut microbiomes of wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Renelies-Hamilton et al. 2019). Other studies have reported the presence of nematodes in Dindefelo chimpanzees (Laidoudi et al. 2020), adenovirus and parasitic infections in human and non-human primates in Africa including Dindefelo chimpanzees (Medkour et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2021), and multidrug-resistant bacteria from wild chimpanzees including those of Dindefelo (Baron et al. 2021; Abdallah et al. 2022). In addition, a molecular characterization of intestinal and blood parasites was conducted for Dindefelo chimpanzees (Köster et al. 2021). Dindefelo is also part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee (PanAf).

Soil studies and training to improve crop productivity have also been carried out with the University Miguel Hernández, Spain.

Soil studies and training to improve crop productivity have also been carried out with the University Miguel Hernández, Spain.

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|Ant dipping

|Ant dipping

|Kühl et al. 2019

|Kühl et al. 2019; Sánchez-Megías et al. 2022, in press

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|Ant eating

|Ant eating

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|Cave use

|Cave use

|Kühl et al. 2019

|Kühl et al. 2019, Marcos Nistal et al. 2022

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|Termite eating

|Termite eating

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|Termite fishing

|Termite fishing

|Kühl et al. 2019

|Kühl et al. 2019; Boesch et al. 2020

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